Elan D Louis1. 1. Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: elan.louis@yale.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The motor features of essential tremor (ET) include its hallmark element, kinetic tremor, yet non-motor features are increasingly being recognized as an accompanying part of what was previously viewed as a solely motor disorder. Given the evolving state of the ET field with respect to these non-motor features, the purpose of this manuscript is to critically review the current data. METHODS: A PubMed search was conducted on July 1, 2015. The term "essential tremor" was crossed in sequential order with 13 additional search terms (e.g., "cognitive", "dementia", "depression"). The total number of unique hits was 322. RESULTS: Numerous studies seem to substantiate the presence of a range of non-motor features occurring in excess in ET cases compared to age-matched controls. These comprise cognitive features (including a full spectrum from mild cognitive difficulty through to frank dementia), psychiatric (including depression, apathy, anxiety, and personality characteristics), sensory (hearing and possibly olfactory abnormalities), and other non-motor features (e.g., sleep dysregulation). Emerging evidence suggests that some of these features could be primary disease features that pre-date motor features of ET. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of numerous non-motor features in ET is increasingly evident. The biological basis of these features deserves additional study.
BACKGROUND: The motor features of essential tremor (ET) include its hallmark element, kinetic tremor, yet non-motor features are increasingly being recognized as an accompanying part of what was previously viewed as a solely motor disorder. Given the evolving state of the ET field with respect to these non-motor features, the purpose of this manuscript is to critically review the current data. METHODS: A PubMed search was conducted on July 1, 2015. The term "essential tremor" was crossed in sequential order with 13 additional search terms (e.g., "cognitive", "dementia", "depression"). The total number of unique hits was 322. RESULTS: Numerous studies seem to substantiate the presence of a range of non-motor features occurring in excess in ET cases compared to age-matched controls. These comprise cognitive features (including a full spectrum from mild cognitive difficulty through to frank dementia), psychiatric (including depression, apathy, anxiety, and personality characteristics), sensory (hearing and possibly olfactory abnormalities), and other non-motor features (e.g., sleep dysregulation). Emerging evidence suggests that some of these features could be primary disease features that pre-date motor features of ET. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of numerous non-motor features in ET is increasingly evident. The biological basis of these features deserves additional study.
Authors: Elan D Louis; Phyllis L Faust; Jean-Paul G Vonsattel; Lawrence S Honig; Alex Rajput; Christopher A Robinson; Ali Rajput; Rajesh Pahwa; Kelly E Lyons; G Webster Ross; Sarah Borden; Carol B Moskowitz; Arlene Lawton; Nora Hernandez Journal: Brain Date: 2007-11-19 Impact factor: 13.501
Authors: James H Meyers; Ruby Hickman; Ashley D Cristal; Pam Factor-Litvak; Stephanie Cosentino; Elan D Louis Journal: Parkinsonism Relat Disord Date: 2018-10-31 Impact factor: 4.891
Authors: Martin Bareš; Richard Apps; Laura Avanzino; Assaf Breska; Egidio D'Angelo; Pavel Filip; Marcus Gerwig; Richard B Ivry; Charlotte L Lawrenson; Elan D Louis; Nicholas A Lusk; Mario Manto; Warren H Meck; Hiroshi Mitoma; Elijah A Petter Journal: Cerebellum Date: 2019-04 Impact factor: 3.847
Authors: Sheng-Han Kuo; Elan D Louis; Phyllis L Faust; Adrian Handforth; Su-Youne Chang; Billur Avlar; Eric J Lang; Ming-Kai Pan; Lauren N Miterko; Amanda M Brown; Roy V Sillitoe; Collin J Anderson; Stefan M Pulst; Martin J Gallagher; Kyle A Lyman; Dane M Chetkovich; Lorraine N Clark; Murni Tio; Eng-King Tan; Rodger J Elble Journal: Cerebellum Date: 2019-12 Impact factor: 3.847
Authors: Eric Cameron; Jonathan P Dyke; Nora Hernandez; Elan D Louis; Ulrike Dydak Journal: Parkinsonism Relat Disord Date: 2018-03-10 Impact factor: 4.891
Authors: Kurt Farrell; Stephanie Cosentino; Megan A Iida; Silvia Chapman; David A Bennett; Phyllis L Faust; Elan D Louis; John F Crary Journal: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol Date: 2019-01-01 Impact factor: 3.685