A 14-year-old girl with thoracolumbar pain.

We report the second case of Mycobacterium kansasii spondylitis in a 14-year-old Caucasian girl who presented with pain in the thoracolumbar region. There was collapsed T8 and discitis, and a cavitary lesion in new chest CT. Biopsy taken from thoracic lesion T8 with CT guidance which had evidence of osteomyelitis and its smear were negative for acid fast bacilli. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed - PCR was negative for acid fast bacilli. Empirical treatment of tuberculosis started and her symptoms resolved. PCR of thoracic sampling revealed M. kansasii after one month. Two months after treatment of M. kansasii, her thoracolumbar pain resolved and the cavitary lesion of the lung disappeared. In patients who are immunocompromised in the association of cavitary pulmonary lesion and infectious spondylitis, atypical mycobacteria may be on the list of common clinical diagnoses but not in immunocompetent patients such as our patient.

Introduction

Mycobacterium kansasii is a non-tuberculosis mycobacterium that is more prevalent in southeastern and southern coastal states and the central plains [1]. Most of the patients (69.3%) are HIV positive. Chronic diseases were common among HIV-negative persons; however, 40.3% had no predisposing medical condition [2]. Mycobacterium kansasii usually presents as lung disease in which the most common radiologic presentation is cavitation of the lung parenchyma [3-5]. Involvement of the musculoskeletal system occurs in approximately 5-10% of patients with atypical mycobacterial infection [6]. We report a 14-year-old immunocompetent girl who presented with M. kansasii spondylitis.

Case report

The patient was a 14-year-old girl who presented with thoraco-lumbar pain over a one-year period. She had no fever, cough, or arthralgia. The thoraco-lumbar MRI revealed a collapsed T8 vertebral body and discitis of T8-9. Chest CT scan showed pulmonary nodules in the left lung upper lobe (Fig. 1). Vertebral body CT guidance biopsy showed no pathologic findings. The pulmonary nodules were not reachable. After one year she referred to hospital for aggravated pain.

Fig. 1

Nodules in left upper lobe

The patient's vital signs were normal. Head and neck were normal. Chest examination revealed tenderness in the thoracolumbar region with no other abnormality. The abdomen was soft without organomegaly. No clubbing or edema was found on her extremities. Neurologic examination was normal.

A hemogram revealed hemoglobin of 11 g/dl, total leukocyte count of 11.3 × 103 (80% neutrophils), and normal platelet count. Blood chemistry and urine analysis were normal. Levels of immunoglobulin were in the normal range and the HIV test was negative. A CT scan of the chest showed a cavitary lesion in the left lung upper lobe (Fig. 2). Recent MRI showed paravertebral fluid collection other than previous findings.

Fig. 2

Cavity in left upper lobe

Bronchoscopy was performed. Acid fast bacilli were not found in BAL fluid study. Para-vertebral fluid collection was sampled and a biopsy was obtained from T8 (Fig. 3). Evidence of osteomyelitis was found in the biopsy (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3

Collapse of T8 (upper vertical arrow) and extending abscess (horizontal arrow) and osteopenia in T9 (lower vertical arrow)

Fig. 4

Infiltration of inflammatory cells in vertebrae

PCR of purulent material collection in the paravertebral region for mycobacterium tuberculosis was negative. One month later, PCR of culture of fluid collection of this region was positive for M. kansasii.

We treated the patient with isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol for 18 months. Her thoracolumbar pain resolved after about two months, ESR decreased and the pulmonary lesion disappeared. We followed the patient for about two years without relapse of her symptoms.

Discussion

We found only two reports of M. kansasii spondylitis in an immunocompetent patient [7, 8]. In patients with mycobacterial spondylitis, local tenderness, pain, and limitation of spinal mobility are the presenting symptoms, whereas constitutional symptoms such as fever, malaise, and weight loss may also occur. The radiologic manifestations of spine osteomyelitis are involvement of one or several contiguous vertebral bodies; destruction of the intervening disks; absence of reactive sclerosis; and formation of soft-tissue abscesses [9].

The diagnostic criteria to support non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) clinical infection as opposed to colonization of secretions include one of the following: positive culture results from at least two separate expectorated sputum samples (regardless of AFB smear result) or positive culture result from at least one bronchial wash or lavage (regardless of AFB smear result) or transbronchial or other lung biopsy with mycobacterial histopathological features (granulomatous inflammation or AFB) and positive culture for NTM or biopsy showing mycobacterial histopathological features (granulomatous inflammation or AFB) and one or more sputum or bronchial washings that are culture positive for NTM or a positive culture from pleural fluid or any other normally sterile extrapulmonary site.

The American Thoracic Society recommendation for treatment of this infection consists of a three-drug combination consisting of isoniazid (300 mg daily), rifampin (600 mg daily), and ethambutol (15 mg/kg per day). The duration of treatment is 12 to 24 months [10].

Implications for physicians

Our case was the third case of M. kansasii spondylitis in an immunocompetent patient in the reported cases that we could find in the literature. Because of the rarity of the disease in immunocompetent patients her diagnosis was delayed, so we suggest including M. kansasii infection in the differential diagnosis of immunocompetent patients with clinical findings similar to tuberculosis.