| Literature DB >> 26313437 |
Thiago Domingos Corrêa1, Leonardo Lima Rocha1, Camila Menezes Souza Pessoa1, Eliézer Silva1, Murillo Santucci Cesar de Assuncao1.
Abstract
Early resuscitation of septic shock patients reduces the sepsis-related morbidity and mortality. The main goals of septic shock resuscitation include volemic expansion, maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, guided by central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, mixed or central venous oxygen saturation and arterial lactate levels. An aggressive fluid resuscitation, possibly in association with vasopressors, inotropes and red blood cell concentrate transfusion may be necessary to achieve those hemodynamic goals. Nonetheless, even though fluid administration is one of the most common interventions offered to critically ill patients, the most appropriate type of fluid to be used remains controversial. According to recently published clinical trials, crystalloid solutions seem to be the most appropriate type of fluids for initial resuscitation of septic shock patients. Balanced crystalloids have theoretical advantages over the classic solutions, but there is not enough evidence to indicate it as first-line treatment. Additionally, when large amounts of fluids are necessary to restore the hemodynamic stability, albumin solutions may be a safe and effective alternative. Hydroxyethyl starches solutions must be avoided in septic patients due to the increased risk of acute renal failure, increased need for renal replacement therapy and increased mortality. Our objective was to present a narrative review of the literature regarding the major types of fluids and their main drawbacks in the initial resuscitation of the septic shock patients.Entities:
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Year: 2015 PMID: 26313437 PMCID: PMC4943797 DOI: 10.1590/S1679-45082015RW3273
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Einstein (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 1679-4508
The main crystalloid solutions and their composition(9)
| Solutions/characteristics | Osmolality (mOsm/L) | pH | Sodium (mEq/L) | Chloride (mEq/L) | Potassium (mEq/L) | Calcium (mEq/L) | Magnesium (mEq/L) | Buffers (mEq/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma | 290 | 7.4 | 140 | 103 | 4 | 4 | 2 | Bicarbonate (24) |
| Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) | 308 | 5.7 | 154 | 154 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ringer’s injection | 309 | 5.8 | 147 | 156 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Ringer lactate | 273 | 6.5 | 130 | 109 | 4 | 3 | 0 | Lactate (28) |
| Ringer acetate | 275 | 6.7 | 131 | 109 | 4 | 3 | 0 | Acetate (28) |
| Plasma-Lyte | 295 | 7.4 | 140 | 98 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Acetate (28)Gluconate (23) |
The main colloidal solutions and their composition(9)
| Solutions/characteristics | Albumin | Hydroxyethyl starch | Dextran | Gelatins | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solution concentration | 4%, 5% | 20%, 25% | 6%, 10% pentastarch | 6% hetastarch | 10% Dextran 40 | 3% Dextran 60 6% Dextran 70 | |
| Molecular weight | 69 | 100-450 | 40-70 | 30-35 | |||
| Osmolality (mOsm/L) | 300 | 1.500 | 300-326 | 280-324 | 300-350 | ||
| Oncotic pressure (mmHg) | 19-30 | 74-120 | 23-82 | 20-60 | 25-42 | ||
| Plasmatic expansion (%) | 70-100 | 200-300 | 100-160 | 100-200 | 80-140 | 70-100 | |
| Duration of plasmatic expansion (h) | ≤24 | ≤12 | ≤4-36 | ≤4-6 | ≤8-24 | ≤4-6 | |
| Plasma half-life (h) | 16-24 | 2-12 | 2 | ~24 | ~2-9 | ||
| Possible adverse effects | High cost, risk of infection and anaphylactic reactions | Impairment coagulation, pruritus, acute kidney failure, and anaphylactic reactions | Changes in blood viscosity, coagulopathy, renal dysfunction, and anaphylactic reactions | Hypercalcemia and anaphylactic reactions | |||
Principais soluções cristaloides e sua composição(9)
| Soluções/características | Osmolalidade (mOsm/L) | pH | Sódio (mEq/L) | Cloreto (mEq/L) | Potássio (mEq/L) | Cálcio (mEq/L) | Magnésio (mEq/L) | Tampões (mEq/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma | 290 | 7,4 | 140 | 103 | 4 | 4 | 2 | Bicarbonato (24) |
| Solução salina (NaCl 0,9%) | 308 | 5,7 | 154 | 154 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ringer simples | 309 | 5,8 | 147 | 156 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Ringer lactato | 273 | 6,5 | 130 | 109 | 4 | 3 | 0 | Lactato (28) |
| Ringer acetato | 275 | 6,7 | 131 | 109 | 4 | 3 | 0 | Acetato (28) |
| Plasma-Lyte | 295 | 7,4 | 140 | 98 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Acetato (28) Gluconato (23) |
Principais soluções coloidais e sua composição(9)
| Soluções/ características | Albumina | Hidroxietilamido | Dextran | Gelatinas | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concentração da solução | 4%, 5% | 20%, 25% | 6%, 10% pentastarch | 6% hetastarch | 10% de Dextran 40 | 3% de Dextran 60 6% de Dextran 70 | |
| Peso molecular | 69 | 100-450 | 40-70 | 30-35 | |||
| Osmolalidade (mOsm/L) | 300 | 1.500 | 300-326 | 280-324 | 300-350 | ||
| Pressão oncótica (mmHg) | 19-30 | 74-120 | 23-82 | 20-60 | 25-42 | ||
| Expansão plasmática (%) | 70-100 | 200-300 | 100-160 | 100-200 | 80-140 | 70-100 | |
| Duração da expansão plasmática (h) | ≤24 | ≤12 | ≤4-36 | ≤4-6 | ≤8-24 | ≤4-6 | |
| Meia-vida plasmática (h) | 16-24 | 2-12 | 2 | ~24 | ~2-9 | ||
| Possíveis efeitos adversos | Alto custo, risco de infecção e reações anafiláticas | Défice de coagulação, prurido, insuficiência renal aguda e reações anafiláticas | Alterações na viscosidade sanguínea, coagulopatia, disfunção renal e reações anafiláticas | Hipercalcemia e reações anafiláticas | |||