Afiono Agung Prasetyo1, Ratna Sariyatun2, Yulia Sari3, Sri Haryati3, Zainal Arifin Adnan4, Seiji Kageyama5. 1. A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Center of Biotechnology and Biodiversity Research and Development, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia. Electronic address: afie.agp.la@gmail.com. 2. A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Center of Biotechnology and Biodiversity Research and Development, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia. 3. A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Center of Biotechnology and Biodiversity Research and Development, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia. 4. A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia. 5. Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Division of Virology) Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Data regarding the influence of the APOBEC3B deletion on infectious diseases remain limited and shown discrepancies. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism status and its association with prevalence of co-infection with blood-borne pathogens in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 597 HIV-positive blood samples were tested for the hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Torque Teno virus (TTV), GB virus-C (GBV-C), and Toxoplasma gondii. Nucleic acid was extracted from plasma samples and used for the molecular detection of HIV RNA, HBV DNA, HCV RNA, TTV DNA, and GBV-C RNA, whereas HBsAg, anti-HCV, IgM and IgG anti-T. gondii were detected through serological testing. The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The deletion genotype was associated with HCV viremia (p<0.001) as well as elevated IgG anti-T. gondii (adjusted OR [aOR]=3.4). The deletion genotype was also associated with decreased levels of HBsAg (aOR=0.03), and anti-HCV (aOR=0.1). D/D was frequently found in HIV-infected individuals with CD4+T cells<14% (aOR=5.8). The intact genotype was associated with a reduced likelihood of a CD4+T cell count<200 cells/μL (aOR=0.2) but a higher prevalence of TTV co-infection (aOR=8.6). CONCLUSIONS: The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was found to be associated with HBV, HCV, TTV, and T. gondii co-infection in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals.
BACKGROUND: Data regarding the influence of the APOBEC3B deletion on infectious diseases remain limited and shown discrepancies. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism status and its association with prevalence of co-infection with blood-borne pathogens in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 597 HIV-positive blood samples were tested for the hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Torque Teno virus (TTV), GB virus-C (GBV-C), and Toxoplasma gondii. Nucleic acid was extracted from plasma samples and used for the molecular detection of HIV RNA, HBV DNA, HCV RNA, TTV DNA, and GBV-C RNA, whereas HBsAg, anti-HCV, IgM and IgG anti-T. gondii were detected through serological testing. The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The deletion genotype was associated with HCV viremia (p<0.001) as well as elevated IgG anti-T. gondii (adjusted OR [aOR]=3.4). The deletion genotype was also associated with decreased levels of HBsAg (aOR=0.03), and anti-HCV (aOR=0.1). D/D was frequently found in HIV-infected individuals with CD4+T cells<14% (aOR=5.8). The intact genotype was associated with a reduced likelihood of a CD4+T cell count<200 cells/μL (aOR=0.2) but a higher prevalence of TTV co-infection (aOR=8.6). CONCLUSIONS: The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was found to be associated with HBV, HCV, TTV, and T. gondii co-infection in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals.
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