Sangwon Chung1, Kyungho Ha1, Haeng-Shin Lee2, Cho-Il Kim3, Hyojee Joung1, Hee-Young Paik4, YoonJu Song5. 1. Department of Public Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. 2. Nutrition Policy and Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Gangoe-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea. 3. Bureau of Health Industry Promotion, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Gangoe-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea. 4. Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. 5. Major of Food and Nutrition, School of Human Ecology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yjsong@catholic.ac.kr.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and metabolic syndrome risk factors in Korean adults. METHODS: We used data from 13,972 participants (5432 men and 8540 women) aged ≥30 years, from the 2007-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into six groups based on their soft drink consumption levels from a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary sugar intake was compared among groups using 24-hour dietary recall data. RESULTS: The highest soft drink consumption frequency category was ≥4 times per week, observed in 4.6% of men and 1.7% of women. The percentage of energy from total sugar and sugar in processed foods increased with increased soft drink consumption in both men and women. In the highest consumption group, the percentage of energy from sugar in processed foods was 8.9% in men and 11.0% in women. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, greater consumption of soft drinks was positively associated with all of the components of metabolic syndrome, except the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, in women only. Women who consumed soft drinks ≥4 times per week had a 74% higher risk of metabolic syndrome compared to those who consumed soft drinks infrequently (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.00-3.03; P for trend <0.0001). CONCLUSION: High levels of soft drink consumption might constitute an important determinant of metabolic syndrome and its components only in Korean adult women.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and metabolic syndrome risk factors in Korean adults. METHODS: We used data from 13,972 participants (5432 men and 8540 women) aged ≥30 years, from the 2007-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into six groups based on their soft drink consumption levels from a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary sugar intake was compared among groups using 24-hour dietary recall data. RESULTS: The highest soft drink consumption frequency category was ≥4 times per week, observed in 4.6% of men and 1.7% of women. The percentage of energy from total sugar and sugar in processed foods increased with increased soft drink consumption in both men and women. In the highest consumption group, the percentage of energy from sugar in processed foods was 8.9% in men and 11.0% in women. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, greater consumption of soft drinks was positively associated with all of the components of metabolic syndrome, except the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, in women only. Women who consumed soft drinks ≥4 times per week had a 74% higher risk of metabolic syndrome compared to those who consumed soft drinks infrequently (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.00-3.03; P for trend <0.0001). CONCLUSION: High levels of soft drink consumption might constitute an important determinant of metabolic syndrome and its components only in Korean adult women.