Wallis C Y Lau1, Macey Murray2, Aisha El-Turki3, Sonia Saxena4, Shamez Ladhani5, Paul Long6, Mike Sharland7, Ian C K Wong8, Yingfen Hsia9. 1. Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China. 2. Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom. 3. Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom; Department of Primary Care & Health Services, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom. 4. School of Public Health Imperial College London and Chartfield Surgery, London, United Kingdom. 5. Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom. 6. Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. 7. Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom. 8. Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom. 9. Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: yhsia@sgul.ac.uk.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated a reduction for otitis media (OM) following the introduction of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), but this has not been evaluated in the United Kingdom (UK). Moreover, there are limited data on any additional impact of PCV13 introduction in 2010. METHODS: We conducted an observational cohort study to investigate the trends in OM incidence and associated antibiotic prescriptions in children aged <10 year-olds during 2002-2012 using a national primary care database. Three time-periods were defined to estimate monthly incidence: pre-PCV7 (January 2002-August 2006), post-PCV7 (September 2007-March 2010), and post-PCV13 (April 2011-December 2012). RESULTS: Overall annual OM incidence declined by 51.3% from 135.8 episodes/1000 person-years in 2002 to 66.1 episodes/1000 person-years in 2012; antibiotic prescription rates for OM declined by 72.9% from 57.9 prescriptions/1000 person-years to 15.7 prescriptions/1000 person-years, respectively. PCV7 introduction was associated with significant decline in OM rates across all age-groups (21.8%; 95% CI, 20.2-23.4), including <2 year-olds (19.8%; 95% CI, 16.0-23.5%); 2-4 year-olds (23.0%; 95% CI, 20.4-25.4%) and 5-9 year-olds (20.2%; 95% CI, 17.6-22.7%). There was an additional significant reduction in OM (18.5%; 95% CI, 16.7-20.2%) and associated antibiotic prescribing (12.2%; 95% CI, 8.6-15.6%) after the introduction of PCV13 across all age-groups. CONCLUSION: The introduction of PCV7 was associated with a 22% significant reductions in OM in children aged <10 year-olds with an additional 19% reductions after PCV13 introduction. These declines are equivalent to 592,000 and 15,700 fewer consultations and OM-related hospitalizations, respectively, in England and Wales every year. Although the continuing decline in OM rates in our study suggests that further reduction may continue to occur, it is important to monitor long-term trends in all pneumococcal diseases, including OM and pneumonia, because of increasing replacement of non-vaccine pneumococcal serotypes in carriage and disease.
BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated a reduction for otitis media (OM) following the introduction of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), but this has not been evaluated in the United Kingdom (UK). Moreover, there are limited data on any additional impact of PCV13 introduction in 2010. METHODS: We conducted an observational cohort study to investigate the trends in OM incidence and associated antibiotic prescriptions in children aged <10 year-olds during 2002-2012 using a national primary care database. Three time-periods were defined to estimate monthly incidence: pre-PCV7 (January 2002-August 2006), post-PCV7 (September 2007-March 2010), and post-PCV13 (April 2011-December 2012). RESULTS: Overall annual OM incidence declined by 51.3% from 135.8 episodes/1000 person-years in 2002 to 66.1 episodes/1000 person-years in 2012; antibiotic prescription rates for OM declined by 72.9% from 57.9 prescriptions/1000 person-years to 15.7 prescriptions/1000 person-years, respectively. PCV7 introduction was associated with significant decline in OM rates across all age-groups (21.8%; 95% CI, 20.2-23.4), including <2 year-olds (19.8%; 95% CI, 16.0-23.5%); 2-4 year-olds (23.0%; 95% CI, 20.4-25.4%) and 5-9 year-olds (20.2%; 95% CI, 17.6-22.7%). There was an additional significant reduction in OM (18.5%; 95% CI, 16.7-20.2%) and associated antibiotic prescribing (12.2%; 95% CI, 8.6-15.6%) after the introduction of PCV13 across all age-groups. CONCLUSION: The introduction of PCV7 was associated with a 22% significant reductions in OM in children aged <10 year-olds with an additional 19% reductions after PCV13 introduction. These declines are equivalent to 592,000 and 15,700 fewer consultations and OM-related hospitalizations, respectively, in England and Wales every year. Although the continuing decline in OM rates in our study suggests that further reduction may continue to occur, it is important to monitor long-term trends in all pneumococcal diseases, including OM and pneumonia, because of increasing replacement of non-vaccine pneumococcal serotypes in carriage and disease.
Authors: Timothy F Murphy; Aimee L Brauer; Antoinette Johnson; Gregory E Wilding; Mary Koszelak-Rosenblum; Michael G Malkowski Journal: Clin Vaccine Immunol Date: 2017-09-05
Authors: Alexandre C Fortanier; Roderick P Venekamp; Chantal Wb Boonacker; Eelko Hak; Anne Gm Schilder; Elisabeth Am Sanders; Roger Amj Damoiseaux Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Date: 2019-05-28
Authors: Joline Lh de Sévaux; Roderick P Venekamp; Vittoria Lutje; Eelko Hak; Anne Gm Schilder; Elisabeth Am Sanders; Roger Amj Damoiseaux Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Date: 2020-11-24
Authors: Tine Marie Pedersen; Anna-Rosa Cecilie Mora-Jensen; Johannes Waage; Hans Bisgaard; Jakob Stokholm Journal: PLoS One Date: 2016-11-22 Impact factor: 3.240