Atom-Scale Reaction Pathways and Free-Energy Landscapes in Oxygen Plasma Etching of Graphene.

We report first-principles molecular dynamics calculations combined with rare events sampling techniques that clarify atom-scale mechanisms of oxygen plasma etching of graphene. The obtained reaction pathways and associated free-energy landscapes show that the etching proceeds near vacancies via a two-step mechanism, formation of precursor lactone structures and the subsequent exclusive CO2 desorption. We find that atomic oxygen among the plasma components is most efficient for etching, providing a guidline in tuning the plasma conditions.