Karin Hummel1, Gera E Nagelhout2, Marc C Willemsen2, Pete Driezen3, Linda Springvloet4, Ute Mons5, Anton E Kunst6, Romain Guignard7, Shane Allwright8, Bas van den Putte9, Ciska Hoving4, Geoffrey T Fong10, Ann McNeill11, Mohammad Siahpush12, Hein de Vries4. 1. Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Karin.Hummel@maastrichtuniversity.nl. 2. Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Dutch Alliance for a Smokefree Society, The Hague, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. 4. Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands. 5. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Unit Cancer Prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. 6. Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 7. Scientific Affairs Department, National Institute for Health Promotion and Health Education (INPES), Saint-Denis, France. 8. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland. 9. Department of Communication, University of Amsterdam (ASCoR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute for Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 10. Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada. 11. King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, London, UK. 12. Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the current study is to investigate trends and socioeconomic differences in policy triggers for thinking about quitting in six European countries. METHODS: Data were derived from all available survey waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe Surveys (2003-2013). France conducted three survey waves (n=1420-1735), Germany three waves (n=515-1515), The Netherlands seven waves (n=1420-1668), Ireland three waves (n=582-1071), Scotland two waves (n=461-507), and the rest of the United Kingdom conducted seven survey waves (n=861-1737). Smokers were asked whether four different policies (cigarette price, smoking restrictions in public places, free or lower cost medication, and warning labels on cigarette packs) influenced them to think about quitting. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models were estimated for each country. RESULTS: Cigarette price was mentioned most often in all countries and across all waves as trigger for thinking about quitting. Mentioning cigarette price and warning labels increased after the implementation of price increases and warning labels in some countries, while mentioning smoking restrictions decreased after their implementation in four countries. All studied policy triggers were mentioned more often by smokers with low and/or moderate education and income than smokers with high education and income. The education and income differences did not change significantly over time for most policies and in most countries. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco control policies work as a trigger to increase thoughts about quitting, particularly in smokers with low education and low income and therefore have the potential to reduce health inequalities in smoking.
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the current study is to investigate trends and socioeconomic differences in policy triggers for thinking about quitting in six European countries. METHODS: Data were derived from all available survey waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe Surveys (2003-2013). France conducted three survey waves (n=1420-1735), Germany three waves (n=515-1515), The Netherlands seven waves (n=1420-1668), Ireland three waves (n=582-1071), Scotland two waves (n=461-507), and the rest of the United Kingdom conducted seven survey waves (n=861-1737). Smokers were asked whether four different policies (cigarette price, smoking restrictions in public places, free or lower cost medication, and warning labels on cigarette packs) influenced them to think about quitting. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models were estimated for each country. RESULTS: Cigarette price was mentioned most often in all countries and across all waves as trigger for thinking about quitting. Mentioning cigarette price and warning labels increased after the implementation of price increases and warning labels in some countries, while mentioning smoking restrictions decreased after their implementation in four countries. All studied policy triggers were mentioned more often by smokers with low and/or moderate education and income than smokers with high education and income. The education and income differences did not change significantly over time for most policies and in most countries. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco control policies work as a trigger to increase thoughts about quitting, particularly in smokers with low education and low income and therefore have the potential to reduce health inequalities in smoking.
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Authors: Karin Hummel; Gera E Nagelhout; Geoffrey T Fong; Constantine I Vardavas; Sophia Papadakis; Aleksandra Herbeć; Ute Mons; Bas van den Putte; Ron Borland; Esteve Fernández; Hein de Vries; Ann McNeill; Shannon Gravely; Krzysztof Przewoźniak; Piroska Kovacs; Antigona C Trofor; Marc C Willemsen Journal: Tob Induc Dis Date: 2018 Impact factor: 2.600