Caroline Hynes1, Dolores Keating2, Stephen McWilliams3, Kevin Madigan4, Anthony Kinsella5, Ian Maidment6, Celia Feetam7, Richard J Drake8, Peter M Haddad9, Fiona Gaughran10, Mark Taylor11, Mary Clarke12. 1. Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: carolinehynes@gmail.com. 2. Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: dolores.keating@sjog.ie. 3. Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: stephen.mcwilliams@sjog.ie. 4. DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: kevin.madigan@sjog.ie. 5. DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: akinsella212@gmail.com. 6. Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: i.maidment@aston.ac.uk. 7. Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: celiafeetam@madasafish.com. 8. University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom. Electronic address: richard.drake@manchester.ac.uk. 9. Greater Manchester Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom. Electronic address: peterhaddad@doctors.org.uk. 10. South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, National Psychosis Unit, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: fiona.1.gaughran@kcl.ac.uk. 11. NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Electronic address: marktaylor2@nhs.net. 12. DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: mary.clarke@sjog.ie.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors developed and validated a clozapine-specific side-effects scale capable of eliciting the subjectively unpleasant side-effects of clozapine. METHODS: Questions from the original Glasgow Antipsychotic Side-effects Scale (GASS) were compared to a list of the most commonly reported clozapine side-effects and those with a significant subjective burden were included in the GASS for Clozapine (GASS-C). The original authors of the GASS and a group of mental health professionals from the UK and Ireland were enlisted to comment on the questions in the GASS-C based on their clinical experience. 110 clozapine outpatients from two sites completed the GASS-C, the original GASS and a repeat GASS-C. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 19. RESULTS: The GASS-C was shown to have construct validity, in that Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.816 (p<0.001) with the original GASS, whilst Cohen's kappa coefficient was >0.77 (p<0.001) for one question and >0.81 (p<0.001) for remaining relevant questions. GASS-C was also shown to have strong test-retest reliability, in that Cronbach's alpha coefficient was >0.907 (p<0.001), whilst Cohen's kappa coefficient was >0.81 (p<0.001) for 12 questions and >0.61 (p<0.001) for the remaining four questions. CONCLUSION: The GASS-C is a valid and reliable clinical tool to enable a systematic assessment of the subjectively unpleasant side-effects of clozapine. Future research should focus on how the scale can be utilised as a clinical tool to improve real-world outcomes such as adherence to clozapine therapy and quality of life.
OBJECTIVE: The authors developed and validated a clozapine-specific side-effects scale capable of eliciting the subjectively unpleasant side-effects of clozapine. METHODS: Questions from the original Glasgow Antipsychotic Side-effects Scale (GASS) were compared to a list of the most commonly reported clozapine side-effects and those with a significant subjective burden were included in the GASS for Clozapine (GASS-C). The original authors of the GASS and a group of mental health professionals from the UK and Ireland were enlisted to comment on the questions in the GASS-C based on their clinical experience. 110 clozapine outpatients from two sites completed the GASS-C, the original GASS and a repeat GASS-C. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 19. RESULTS: The GASS-C was shown to have construct validity, in that Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.816 (p<0.001) with the original GASS, whilst Cohen's kappa coefficient was >0.77 (p<0.001) for one question and >0.81 (p<0.001) for remaining relevant questions. GASS-C was also shown to have strong test-retest reliability, in that Cronbach's alpha coefficient was >0.907 (p<0.001), whilst Cohen's kappa coefficient was >0.81 (p<0.001) for 12 questions and >0.61 (p<0.001) for the remaining four questions. CONCLUSION: The GASS-C is a valid and reliable clinical tool to enable a systematic assessment of the subjectively unpleasant side-effects of clozapine. Future research should focus on how the scale can be utilised as a clinical tool to improve real-world outcomes such as adherence to clozapine therapy and quality of life.
Authors: C U Correll; Ofer Agid; Benedicto Crespo-Facorro; Andrea de Bartolomeis; Andrea Fagiolini; Niko Seppälä; Oliver D Howes Journal: CNS Drugs Date: 2022-06-27 Impact factor: 6.497
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Authors: Renato de Filippis; Raffaele Gaetano; Georgios Schoretsanitis; Giuseppe Verde; Cesare Anthony Oliveti; John M Kane; Cristina Segura-Garcia; Pasquale De Fazio Journal: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat Date: 2021-07-01 Impact factor: 2.570