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N-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP), a polar aprotic solvent, is used in many applications as substitute for the structural analogue N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), e. g. for surface coatings, in cleaning agents and paint strippers. Monitoring studies indicate that individuals within the general public, without occupational exposure, may be exposed to NEP to an extent, which is comparable to NMP. As NMP, NEP presents a potential health hazard due to its developmental toxicity and teratogenicity. Exposure to NEP can be quantified by the determination of the excretion of its urinary metabolites 5-Hydroxy-N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNEP) and 2-Hydroxy-N-ethylsuccinimide (2-HESI). For the derivation of HBM values, the german Human Biomonitoring Commission (HBM commission) evaluated different toxicological endpoints and finally decided on the BMDL05 and the BMD10 for the endpoint “reduced grasp intensity” of a subchronic feeding study with rats as point of departure (POD) for further procedural steps. The resulting HBM-I and HBM-II values for the sum of the metabolites 5-HNEP and 2-HESI in the urine of children are 10 resp. 25 mg/l and in the urine of adults are 15 resp. 40 mg/l. If the HBM values are exceeded, a check-up will be necessary at first. Measurements above the HBM-II value give cause for concern, especially for pregnant women. Air measurements to determine the source of exposure can be useful. The possibility of skin absorption from use of cleaning agents and paint strippers should also be traced. As NEP und NMP have similar toxic effects, a potential mixed exposure to both substances has to be taken into account.