| Literature DB >> 26270012 |
Elisabete Pereira Silva1, Sandra Valongueiro1, Thália Velho Barreto de Araújo1, Ana Bernarda Ludermir1.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the incidence and identify risk factors for intimate partner violence during postpartum. METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted with women, aged between 18-49 years, enrolled in the Brazilian Family Health Strategy in Recife, Northeastern Brazil, between 2005 and 2006. Of the 1.057 women interviewed during pregnancy and postpartum, 539 women, who did not report violence before or during pregnancy, were evaluated. A theoretical-conceptual framework was built with three levels of factors hierarchically ordered: women's and partners' sociodemografic and behavioral characteristics, and relationship dynamics. Incidence and risk factors of intimate partner violence were estimated by Poisson Regression. RESULTS The incidence of violence during postpartum was 9.3% (95%CI 7.0;12.0). Isolated psychological violence was the most common (4.3%; 95%CI 2.8;6.4). The overlapping of psychological with physical violence occurred at 3.3% (95%CI 2.0;5.3) and with physical and/or sexual in almost 2.0% (95%CI 0.8;3.0) of cases. The risk of partner violence during postpartum was increased for women with a low level of education (RR = 2.6; 95%CI 1.3;5.4), without own income (RR = 1.7; 95%CI 1.0;2.9) and those who perpetrated physical violence against their partner without being assaulted first (RR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.2;3.4), had a very controlling partner (RR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.1;5.8), and had frequent fights with their partner (RR = 1.7; 95%CI 1.0;2.9). CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of intimate partner violence during postpartum and its association with aspects of the relationship's quality between the couple, demonstrated the need for public policies that promote conflict mediation and enable forms of empowerment for women to address the cycle of violence.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26270012 PMCID: PMC4544345 DOI: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005432
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Figure 1Theoretical-conceptual hierarchical model of risk factors for incidence of intimate partner violence postpartum.
Figure 2Incidence of psychological, physical and sexual violence by intimate partner postpartum. Recife, PE, Northeastern Brazil, 2005-2006.
Association of sociodemographic, behavioral characteristics and the relationship profile with incidence of violence by intimate partner postpartum. Recife, PE, Northeastern Brazil, 2005-2006.
| Variable | n = 539 | % | Cases (n = 50) | % | RR | 95%CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristic | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ≥ 20 | 469 | 87.01 | 41 | 8.74 | 1.0 | – |
| < 20 | 70 | 12.99 | 9 | 12.86 | 1.5 | 0.7;2.9 |
| Race/skin color | ||||||
| White | 112 | 20.78 | 11 | 9.82 | 1.0 | – |
| Non-white | 427 | 79.22 | 39 | 9.13 | 0.9 | 0.5;1.8 |
| Education of the women (years of study) | ||||||
| ≥ 9 | 221 | 41.00 | 9 | 4.07 | 1.0 | – |
| < 9 | 318 | 59.00 | 41 | 12.89 | 3.2 | 1,6;6,4a |
| Marital status | ||||||
| With partner | 477 | 88.50 | 40 | 8.39 | 1.0 | – |
| Without partner | 62 | 11.50 | 10 | 16.13 | 1.9 | 1.0;3.6b |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Other | 148 | 27.46 | 9 | 6.08 | 1.0 | – |
| Unemployed | 391 | 72.54 | 41 | 10.49 | 1.7 | 0.8;3.5 |
| Own income | ||||||
| Yes | 316 | 58.63 | 23 | 7.28 | 1.0 | – |
| No | 223 | 41.37 | 27 | 12.11 | 1.6 | 0.9;2.8 |
| Own house | ||||||
| Yes | 363 | 67.35 | 32 | 8.82 | 1.0 | – |
| No | 176 | 32.65 | 18 | 10.23 | 1.2 | 0.7;2.0 |
| Behavioral characteristic | ||||||
| Tobacco use | ||||||
| No | 482 | 89.42 | 42 | 8.71 | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 57 | 10.58 | 8 | 14.04 | 1.6 | 0.8;3.2 |
| Alcohol abuse | ||||||
| No | 461 | 85.53 | 39 | 8.46 | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 78 | 14.47 | 11 | 14.10 | 1.7 | 0.9;3.1 |
| Illicit drug use | ||||||
| No | 535 | 99.26 | 49 | 9.16 | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 4 | 0.74 | 1 | 25.00 | 2.7 | 0.5;15.2 |
| Alcohol abuse by partner | ||||||
| No | 347 | 64.38 | 25 | 7.20 | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 192 | 35.62 | 25 | 13.02 | 1.8 | 1.1;3.0b |
| Illicit drug use by partner | ||||||
| No | 498 | 92.39 | 43 | 8.63 | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 41 | 7.61 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.9 | 0.9;4.1 |
| Aggressive behavior by the partner outside the home | ||||||
| No | 496 | 92.02 | 45 | 9.07 | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 43 | 7.98 | 5 | 11.63 | 1.3 | 0.5;3.0 |
| Related to the couple | ||||||
| Relationship length (years) | ||||||
| > 1 | 406 | 75.32 | 32 | 7.88 | 1.0 | – |
| ≤ 1 | 133 | 24.68 | 18 | 13.53 | 1.7 | 1,0;2,9b |
| Communication with partner | ||||||
| Good | 494 | 91.65 | 43 | 8.70 | 1.0 | – |
| Difficult | 45 | 8.35 | 7 | 15.56 | 1.9 | 0.8;3.7 |
| Fights (twice a month) | ||||||
| < 1 | 401 | 74.40 | 21 | 7.23 | 1.0 | – |
| ≥ 1 | 138 | 25.60 | 29 | 15.22 | 2.1 | 1.2;3.6b |
| Related to the woman | ||||||
| Physical violence committed by the women against the partner without being assaulted first | ||||||
| No | 436 | 80.89 | 31 | 7.11 | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 103 | 19.11 | 19 | 18.45 | 2.6 | 1.5;4.4a |
| Related to the partner | ||||||
| Controlling behavior | ||||||
| None | 220 | 40.82 | 11 | 5.00 | 1.0 | – |
| Moderate | 276 | 51.21 | 31 | 11.23 | 2.2 | 1.2;4.4b |
| High | 43 | 7.98 | 8 | 18.60 | 3.7 | 1.6;8.7b |
a p < 0.001.
b p ≤ 0.05.
Risk factors for incidence of intimate partner violence postpartum. Recife, PE, Northeastern Brazil, 2005-2006.
| Variable | Model 1a
| Model 2b
| Model 3c
| |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | 95%CI | RR | 95%CI | RR | 95%CI | |
| Sociodemographic characteristic | ||||||
| Education of the women (years of study) | ||||||
| ≥ 9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| < 9 | 3.0 | 1.5;6.0d | 3.0 | 1.5;6.1d | 2.6 | 1.3;5.4d |
| Own income | ||||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| No | 1.7 | 1.0;2.9e | 1.7 | 1.0;2.8e | 1.7 | 1.0;2.9e |
| Behavioral characteristic | ||||||
| Alcohol abuse by partner | ||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Yes | 1.7 | 1.0;2.9e | 1.6 | 0.9;2.7 | 1.5 | 0.9;2.7 |
| Relationship profile | ||||||
| Relationship length (years) | ||||||
| > 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| ≤ 1 | 1.6 | 0.9;2.7 | 1.4 | 0.8;2.4 | ||
| Fights (twice a month) | ||||||
| < 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| ≥ 1 | 1.7 | 1.0;3.0e | 1.7 | 1.0;2.9e | ||
| Physical violence against the partner without being assaulted first | ||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 2.0 | 1.2;3.5e | 2.0 | 1.2;3.4e | ||
| Controlling behavior | ||||||
| None | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Moderate | 1.9 | 0.9;3.7 | 1.8 | 0.9;3.4 | ||
| High | 2.6 | 1.1;6.3e | 2.5 | 1.1;5.8e | ||
a Blocks 1, 2 and 3 individually adjusted.
b Block 2 adjusted by block 1.
c Block 3 adjusted by blocks 1 and 2.
d p < 0.01.
e p < 0.05.
Figura 1Modelo hierárquico teórico-conceitual dos fatores de risco para incidência de violência pelo parceiro íntimo.
Figura 2Incidência de violência psicológica, física e sexual pelo parceiro íntimo no pós-parto. Recife, PE, 2005-2006.
Associação das características sociodemográficas, comportamentais e do perfil do relacionamento com a incidência de violência pelo parceiro íntimo no pós-parto. Recife, PE, 2005-2006.
| Variável | n = 539 | % | Casos (n = 50) | % | RR | IC95% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Característica sociodemográfica | ||||||
| Idade (anos) | ||||||
| ≥ 20 | 469 | 87,01 | 41 | 8,74 | 1,0 | – |
| < 20 | 70 | 12,99 | 9 | 12,86 | 1,5 | 0,7;2,9 |
| Raça/Cor da pele | ||||||
| Branca | 112 | 20,78 | 11 | 9,82 | 1,0 | – |
| Não branca | 427 | 79,22 | 39 | 9,13 | 0,9 | 0,5;1,8 |
| Escolaridade da mulher (anos de estudo) | ||||||
| ≥ 9 | 221 | 41,00 | 9 | 4,07 | 1,0 | – |
| < 9 | 318 | 59,00 | 41 | 12,89 | 3,2 | 1,6;6,4a |
| Situação conjugal | ||||||
| Com companheiro | 477 | 88,50 | 40 | 8,39 | 1,0 | – |
| Sem companheiro | 62 | 11,50 | 10 | 16,13 | 1,9 | 1,0;3,6b |
| Inserção produtiva | ||||||
| Outros | 148 | 27,46 | 9 | 6,08 | 1,0 | – |
| Desempregada | 391 | 72,54 | 41 | 10,49 | 1,7 | 0,8;3,5 |
| Renda própria | ||||||
| Sim | 316 | 58,63 | 23 | 7,28 | 1,0 | – |
| Não | 223 | 41,37 | 27 | 12,11 | 1,6 | 0,9;2,8 |
| Moradia própria | ||||||
| Sim | 363 | 67,35 | 32 | 8,82 | 1,0 | – |
| Não | 176 | 32,65 | 18 | 10,23 | 1,2 | 0,7;2,0 |
| Característica comportamental | ||||||
| Uso de fumo | ||||||
| Não | 482 | 89,42 | 42 | 8,71 | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 57 | 10,58 | 8 | 14,04 | 1,6 | 0,8;3,2 |
| Uso abusivo de álcool | ||||||
| Não | 461 | 85,53 | 39 | 8,46 | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 78 | 14,47 | 11 | 14,10 | 1,7 | 0,9;3,1 |
| Uso de drogas ilícitas | ||||||
| Não | 535 | 99,26 | 49 | 9,16 | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 4 | 0,74 | 1 | 25,00 | 2,7 | 0,5;15,2 |
| Uso abusivo de álcool pelo parceiro | ||||||
| Não | 347 | 64,38 | 25 | 7,20 | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 192 | 35,62 | 25 | 13,02 | 1,8 | 1,1;3,0b |
| Uso de drogas ilícitas pelo parceiro | ||||||
| Não | 498 | 92,39 | 43 | 8,63 | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 41 | 7,61 | 7 | 17,07 | 1,9 | 0,9;4,1 |
| Comportamento agressivo do parceiro fora de casa | ||||||
| Não | 496 | 92,02 | 45 | 9,07 | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 43 | 7,98 | 5 | 11,63 | 1,3 | 0,5;3,0 |
| Relacionada ao casal | ||||||
| Duração da relação (anos) | ||||||
| > 1 | 406 | 75,32 | 32 | 7,88 | 1,0 | – |
| ≤ 1 | 133 | 24,68 | 18 | 13,53 | 1,7 | 1,0;2,9b |
| Comunicação com o parceiro | ||||||
| Boa | 494 | 91,65 | 43 | 8,70 | 1,0 | – |
| Obstaculizada | 45 | 8,35 | 7 | 15,56 | 1,9 | 0,8;3,7 |
| Brigas (vezes por mês) | ||||||
| < 1 | 401 | 74,40 | 21 | 7,23 | 1,0 | – |
| ≥ 1 | 138 | 25,60 | 29 | 15,22 | 2,1 | 1,2;3,6b |
| Relacionada à mulher | ||||||
| Violência física cometida pela mulher contra o parceiro sem estar sendo agredida | ||||||
| Não | 436 | 80,89 | 31 | 7,11 | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 103 | 19,11 | 19 | 18,45 | 2,6 | 1,5;4,4a |
| Relacionada ao parceiro | ||||||
| Comportamento controlador | ||||||
| Ausente | 220 | 40,82 | 11 | 5,00 | 1,0 | – |
| Moderado | 276 | 51,21 | 31 | 11,23 | 2,2 | 1,2;4,4b |
| Muito | 43 | 7,98 | 8 | 18,60 | 3,7 | 1,6;8,7b |
a p < 0,001.
b p ≤ 0,05.
Fatores de risco para incidência de violência pelo parceiro íntimo no pós-parto. Recife, PE, 2005-2006.
| Variável | Modelo 1a
| Modelo 2b
| Model 3c
| |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | IC95% | RR | IC95% | RR | IC95% | |
| Característica sociodemográfica | ||||||
| Escolaridade da mulher (anos de estudo) | ||||||
| ≥ 9 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | |||
| < 9 | 3,0 | 1,5;6,0d | 3,0 | 1,5;6,1d | 2,6 | 1,3;5,4d |
| Renda própria | ||||||
| Sim | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | |||
| Não | 1,7 | 1,0;2,9e | 1,7 | 1,0;2,8e | 1,7 | 1,0;2,9e |
| Característica comportamental | ||||||
| Uso abusivo de álcool pelo parceiro | ||||||
| Não | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | |||
| Sim | 1,7 | 1,0;2,9e | 1,6 | 0,9;2,7 | 1,5 | 0,9;2,5 |
| Perfil do relacionamento | ||||||
| Duração da relação (anos) | ||||||
| > 1 | 1,0 | 1,0 | ||||
| ≤ 1 | 1,6 | 0,9;2,7 | 1,4 | 0,8;2,4 | ||
| Brigas (vezes por mês) | ||||||
| < 1 | 1,0 | 1,0 | ||||
| ≥ 1 | 1,7 | 1,0;3,0e | 1,7 | 1,0;2,9e | ||
| Violência física contra o parceiro sem estar sendo agredida | ||||||
| Não | 1,0 | 1,0 | ||||
| Sim | 2,0 | 1,2;3,5e | 2,0 | 1,2;3,4d | ||
| Comportamento controlador | ||||||
| Ausente | 1,0 | 1,0 | ||||
| Moderado | 1,9 | 0,9;3,7 | 1,8 | 0,9;3,4 | ||
| Muito | 2,6 | 1,1;6,3e | 2,5 | 1,1;5,8e | ||
a Blocos 1, 2 e 3 ajustados isoladamente.
b Bloco 2 ajustado pelo bloco 1.
c Bloco 3 ajustado pelos blocos 1 e 2.
d p < 0,01.
e p ≤ 0,05.