Description of two new filtering carnivore Drusus species (Limnephilidae, Drusinae) from the Western Balkans.

Two new species of the genus Drusus (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae, Drusinae) from the Western Balkans are described. Additionally, observations on the biodiversity and threats to the region's endemic aquatic fauna are discussed. Drususkrpachi sp. n. is a micro-endemic of the Korab Mountains, Macedonia, and Drususmalickyi sp. n. is a micro-endemic of the Prokletije Mountains, Albania. Both new species are most similar to Drususmacedonicus but differ from the latter in the shape of segment IX, the shape of the tips of the intermediate appendages in lateral view, the shape of the inferior appendages, and the form and shape of the parameres. In addition, males of the European species of filtering carnivore Drusinae are diagnosed and illustrated, including Cryptothrixnebulicola McLachlan, Drususchrysotus Rambur, Drususdiscolor Rambur, Drususmacedonicus Schmid, Drususmeridionalis Kumanski, Drususmuelleri McLachlan, Drususromanicus Murgoci and Botosaneanu, and Drusussiveci Malicky. These additions to the Western Balkan fauna demonstrate the significance of this region for European biodiversity and further highlight the importance of faunistic studies in Europe.

Dedicated to Hans Malicky on the occasion of his 80th birthday

Introduction

The Western Balkans harbour high biodiversity including high numbers of endemic species. This has been attributed to historic climate conditions and the highly diverse geology of the region (e.g., Neubauer 2002, Reed et al. 2004, Chiari et al 2011) that permitted perseverance of taxa in glacial refugia (e.g., Tzedakis 2004, 2009; Médail and Diadema 2009), and the formation of diverse habitats. Thus, the Western Balkans are rich in endemic plant (e.g., Eastwood 2004, Petrova and Vladimirov 2010, Mereďa et al. 2011, Redžić 2011), vertebrate and invertebrate species (e.g., Bianco 1998, Bănărescu 2004, Kryštufek 2004, Griffiths and Frogley 2004, Bohlen et al. 2006, Guéorguiev 2007, Deltshev 2008, Pešić and Glöer 2013). The Western Balkans also have been identified as a hotspot of aquatic biodiversity, with high endemism and cryptic diversity (Bănărescu 2004, Previšić et al. 2014a). Climate change and its detrimental effects on biodiversity (e.g., Hering et al. 2009, Bálint et al. 2011) have focused attention on freshwater biota throughout Europe, including the Western Balkans (e.g., Zakšek et al. 2009, Klobučar et al. 2013, Weiss et al. 2014).

Faunal studies on Western Balkan aquatic biodiversity recovered intriguing biogeographic patterns and several new species (e.g., Petkovski et al. 2009, Pešić and Glöer 2013, Vitecek et al. 2015). Research on the caddisfly fauna of the Western Balkans further suggests several factors, such as karstification, as drivers of speciation (Previšić et al. 2009, 2014b). The limnephilid subfamily is particularly species-rich in the Western Balkans, including a high proportion of micro-endemics sensu Graf et al. (2008), i.e., taxa restricted to small geographic units within an ecoregion sensu Illies (1978) (Malicky 2004; Graf et al. 2008; Oláh 2010, 2011; Kučinić et al. 2011a,b; Oláh and Kovács 2013; Previšić et al. 2014a, b; Vitecek et al. 2015; Ibrahimi et al. pers. comm.).

The subfamily Banks comprises roughly 110 species in 8 genera (Malicky 2004, 2005; Oláh 2010, 2011; Oláh and Kovács 2013; Previšić et al. 2014a; Vitecek et al. 2015; Ibrahimi et al. pers. comm.). Ecologically, most species are crenobiont (Graf et al. 2008), and as larvae fall into one of three different feeding groups: filtering carnivores, omnivorous shredders and scraping grazers (Pauls et al. 2008, Graf et al. 2009). The adults of each larval feeding group are also characterized by a set of synapomorphies (Vitecek et al. in press). Filtering carnivorous males uniquely exhibit laterally positioned gland openings at the fifth abdominal sternite and parallel wing veins in the hind wing anal field (depicted in Vitecek et al. in press). The largest genus is paraphyletic (Pauls et al. 2008) and comprises 86 species of all feeding types (Malicky 2004, 2005; Graf et al. 2008; Kučinić et al. 2011a; Oláh 2010, 2011; Oláh and Kovács 2013; Vitecek et al. 2015; Vitecek et al. in press; Ibrahimi et al. pers. comm.). The monotypic genus ( McLachlan) is also a filtering carnivore (Bohle 1987, Graf et al. 2008), and thus represents another filtering carnivorous sensu Pauls et al. 2008, the systematic position of which is discussed in Vitecek et al. (in press).

Here we describe two new filtering carnivore species. Additionally, we provide re-descriptions of filtering carnivorous sensu Pauls et al. (2008) in order to facilitate identification of known filtering carnivorous , and identification of new species.

Materials and methods

Adults were collected using sweep nets and by handpicking. Collected specimens were stored in 96% EthOH. Male and female genitalia were examined after being cleared in either KOH or lactic acid. Nomenclature of male genitalia of follows Nielsen (1957, for Fabricius) using the simplifying terms “superior appendages” for the lateral processes of segment X (cerci sensu Snodgrass 1935), and “intermediate appendages” for the sclerite and the anterior process of segment X (paraproct sensu Snodgrass 1935). Nomenclature of larval morphological features follows Wiggins (1998) and Waringer and Graf (2011), nomenclature of primary setae and setal areas follows Wiggins (1998). Illustrations were prepared according to Thomson and Holzenthal (2010) in which pencil drawings made with a camera lucida are digitized, edited and digitally inked in Adobe Illustrator (v. 16.0.4, Adobe Systems Inc.).

Specimens are currently stored in the following collections: , Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology Management, University of Natural Resources, Max-Emanuelstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna, Austria; , Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Collection Mladen Kučinić (MK), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; , Tarján u. 28, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.

Collection Wolfram Graf

Collection Ana Previšić

Collection János Oláh [János Oláh Private Collection under national protection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary]

Type specimens will be deposited in museum collections upon completion of the taxonomic work.

Taxonomy

Descriptions of the new species

Kučinić, Graf & Vitecek sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/74BBEB74-1232-4B4E-934B-D8BE6433DDCB

Fig. 1

Figure 1.

Male genitalia of sp. n. A left lateral view B paramere, dorsal view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Abbreviations: tVIII tergite VIII, IX segment IX, sup superior appendage, int intermediate appendage, inf inferior appendage; arrow 1 indicates spinose area of tergite VIII, arrow 2 indicates lateral protrusion of segment IX. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

Material examined.

Holotype. 1 male: Macedonia, Mavrovo National Park, Korab Mountains, česma Elem; N41.857, E 20.625; leg. Kučinić, Krpač, Mihoci; 15.VIII.2011. Currently deposited in coll. WG, will be deposited in the Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb, Croatia.

Paratypes.

3 males: Macedonia, Mavrovo National Park, Korab Mountains, Reč; leg. Krpač, Mihoci, Kučinić; 01.VIII.2011. Currently deposited in coll. MK, two paratypes will be deposited in the Macedonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, one paratype will be deposited in coll. WG.

Type locality.

Macedonia, Korab Mountains.

Diagnosis.

Males of the new species are most similar to , but exhibit (1) a distally straight ventral half of segment IX; (2) a dorsally straight tip of the intermediate appendage distinctly separated by a proximal indentation and with small proximal and distal rough protrusions; (3) a conical inferior appendage with a proximal dorsal triangular protrusion; (4) parameres with three tines in the distal third in dorsal view. males have a distally concave ventral half of segment IX, intermediate appendages with two rough rounded dorsad protrusions but lacking a distinct proximal indentation, distally tapering inferior appendages, and parameres with a single tine in the distal third in dorsal view.

Description.

Adults. Habitus yellow; sternites and tergites fawn; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, blond; legs fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings yellow with blond setae on veins and the membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented. Forewing length 11 mm, spur formula 1–3–3.

Male genitalia (Fig. 1). Tergite VIII (tVIII) fawn, setae absent; spinose area in lateral view approximately flat with slight dorsocaudal protrusion in cranial half, in dorsal view suboval; flanked by membranous, less sclerotized areas. Segment IX (IX) in lateral view ventrally straight distally; in caudal view dorsally approximately as wide as ventrally; with rounded lateral protrusion in the dorsal half (best seen in ventral view). Superior appendages (sup) in lateral view suboval, curved obtusely caudad in proximal third, proximally with slight dorsal protrusion, longest in anterioposterior axis: approximately 2.5 times longer than high; in dorsal view proximally slightly concave medially; medial transverse section oval. Intermediate appendages (int) in lateral view with subtriangular tip, rough areas concentrated on dorsal proximal and dorsal distal aspect; in dorsal view tips separated, oval, distally converging; in caudal view approximately triangular. Inferior appendages (inf; gonopods sensu Snodgrass 1935) in lateral view conical, proximally wide, distally slender, with proximal triangular protrusion dorsally; in ventral and dorsal view with small medial projection and slight notch. Parameres simple, in dorsal view with 3 tines in distal third: 2 mediolateral, 1 dorsal.

Female and pupa unknown. Larval description and indentification key provided by Vitecek et al. (in press).

Etymology.

Named after V. Krpač, Macedonian entomologist and collector of the species.

Distribution.

Micro-endemic of the Korab Mountains, Hellenic Western Balkans (ecoregion 6, Illies 1978) (Fig. 11).

Figure 11.

Distribution of filtering carnivore . Single records of endemic species are depicted as symbols, stroked or filled areas denote ranges of more widely distributed species with a higher number of occurrence records.

Oláh & Vitecek sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/4A7440AE-973D-4F33-858C-D53A48EEF743

Fig. 2

Figure 2.

Male genitalia of sp. n. A left lateral view B paramere, lateral view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

Holotype. 1 male: Albania, Shkoder County, Shkoder District, Prokletije Mts, beech forest with brook above Okol; N42.42258, E19.76127; leg. Puskas 05.IX.2013. Currently deposited in coll. WG, will be deposited in János Oláh Private Collection under national protection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary (JO).

Albania, Prokletije Mountains.

The holotype of the new species is most similar to , but exhibits (1) a sharp mediocaudal protrusion of segment IX; (2) a dorsally straight and rough tip of the intermediate appendage distinctly separated by a proximal indentation (3) a distinctly slender and constricted distal half of the inferior appendage in lateral view. males have a mediocaudal and a ventrocaudal protrusion of segment IX, intermediate appendages with two rough rounded dorsal protrusions but lacking a distinct proximal indentation, and to a lesser degree constricted inferior appendages.

Adult, holotype. Habitus yellow; sternites and tergites fawn; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, blond; legs fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings yellow with blond setae on veins and the membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented, forewing length 10.9 mm, spur formula 1–3–3.

Male genitalia (Fig. 2). Tergite VIII fawn, setae scarce; spinate area in lateral view approximately flat with slight dorsad protrusion in anterior half, in dorsal view suboval; flanked by membraneous, less sclerotized areas. Segment IX in lateral view with sharp medial caudal protrusion, ventrally concave distally; in caudal view wider dorsally than ventrally; with irregular triangular, rounded lateral protrusion in dorsal half (best seen in dorsal and ventral PageBreakviews). Superior appendages in lateral view suboval, curved obtusely caudad in proximal quarter, proximally with slight dorsal and distinct ventral protrusions, longest in anterioposterior axis: approximately 2.5 times longer than high; in dorsal view proximally concave medially; medial transverse section oval. Intermediate appendages in lateral view with subtriangular, dorsally rough tip; in dorsal view tips separated, wedge-shaped, approximately parallel; in caudal view approximately triangular. Inferior appendages in lateral view subtriangular, proximally somewhat bulbous, distally slender and distinctly constricted; in ventral and dorsal views with small medial protrusion and slight notch; in ventral view with longitudinal groove delimiting medial lobe. Parameres simple, in lateral view with 1 tine in distal third.

Female, pupa and fifth instar larva unknown.

Named after Hans Malicky, trichopterologist.

Micro-endemic of the Prokletije Mountains, Hellenic Western Balkans (ecoregion 6) (Fig. 11).

Re-descriptions of male filtering carnivore sensu Pauls et al. (2008)

McLachlan, 1867

Fig. 3

Figure 3.

Male genitalia of . A left lateral view B paramere, lateral view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

1 male: Italy, Torino, Traversella, Fondo, Burdeivier brook; leg. Vincon; 12.VII.2012. 12 males: Italy, San Marco Pass; leg. Graf; 14.VIII.2000; in coll. WG.

Switzerland, Canton of Valais, Maienwang (Grimselpass).

Adults. Habitus dark; sternites and tergites brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic, thoracic and abdominal setation blond; legs light brown to fawn, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings dark, with dark setae. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 8–10 mm; spur formula 1–2–2.

Male genitalia (Fig. 3). Tergite VIII brown, with lighter areas around alveoli; setation abundant; spinose area approximately rectangular in dorsal view; flanked by membraneous, less sclerotized areas. Segment IX in lateral view ventrally slightly concave distally; in caudal view wider dorsally than ventrally; with long, round, wedge-shaped protrusion in dorsal half (best seen in ventral view). Superior appendages in lateral view suboval, curved obtusely caudad in proximal fifth, proximally dorsal somewhat protuberant, tips slightly curved dorsad, longest in anterioposterior axis: approximately 2 times longer than high; in dorsal view medially concave, tips converging; medial transverse section lateroventrally curviconvex suboval. Intermediate appendages in lateral, dorsal and caudal views dorsally with 2 distinct tips, the proximal tip rounded, rough, the distal tip pointed, smooth; in caudal view approximately an isoceles trapezium. Inferior appendages in lateral view roughly triangular, proximally constricted, ventrocaudally slightly concave; in dorsal and ventral views tips converging; in ventral view with longitudinal groove delimiting medial lobe. Parameres simple, rodlike, medially and distally somewhat bulbous.

Female depicted by Schmid (1956), Malicky (2004); larva in key presented by Waringer and Graf (2011), Vitecek et al. (in press); pupa unknown.

Regionally in the Western Alps (ecoregion 4) (Fig. 11).

Rambur, 1842

Fig. 4

Figure 4.

Male genitalia of . A left lateral view B paramere, lateral view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

12 males: Austria, Krumbach, Soboth; N46.723, E15.0555; leg. Graf; 20.V.2004; in coll. WG.

France, Rhône-Alpes, Haute-Savoie, Chamonix valley.

Adults. Habitus: light brown to yellow; sternites and tergites light brown, abdominal tergite VII with distinct saddle; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, short, dark; legs fawn, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings light brown to yellow with dark setae on veins and blond setae on membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 14–16 mm; spur formula 1–3–3.

Male genitalia (Fig. 4). Tergite VIII light brown, with short, pale, translucent setae; spinose area in lateral view with distinct dorsal protrusion and dorsomedial caudal PageBreakprotrusion, in dorsal and caudal views tripartite; flanked by membraneous, less sclerotized areas. Segment IX in lateral view ventrally irregular concave distally; dorsally approximately as wide as ventrally in caudal view; with distinct approximately subtriangular, rounded protrusion in dorsal half (best seen in dorsal and ventral views). Superior appendages in lateral view curved obtusely ventrocaudad in proximal third, proximally with distinct dorsocranial protrusion, approximately as long as high, in dorsal view proximally concave medially; medial transverse section oval. Intermediate appendages in lateral view medially protruding caudad, dorsally with long, rough tip; in dorsal view fused into approximately heart-shaped, centrally indented structure; in caudal view ventrally broad with bulbous lateral protrusions, dorsally narrow, fused. Inferior appendages in lateral view conical, short; in ventral and dorsal views blunt, with blunt, short medial protrusion and slight notch; in ventral view with longitudinal groove delimiting medial lobe. Parameres simple with several tines on common base in distal third.

Female depicted by Schmid (1956), Malicky (2004); larva in key presented by Waringer and Graf (2011), Vitecek et al. (in press); pupa described in Bohle (1987).

This species is widely distributed, occuring in and around the Alpine arc (ecoregion 4), the Western and Central Highlands (ecoregions 8 & 9) and was also found in the northern part of the Dinaric Alps (ecoregion 5) (Fig. 11).

Rambur, 1842

Fig. 5

Figure 5.

Male genitalia of . A left lateral view B paramere, lateral view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

3 males: France, Mt. Canigou; N42.4864, E2.4139; leg. Graf; 12.VII.2012; in coll. WG. 2 males: France, St. Pierre de la Martin; N42.9597, E0.8290; leg. Graf; 22.VII.2012; in coll. WG. 7 males: Austria, Gurkursprung; leg. Wieser; 13.VII.1997; in coll. WG. 22 males: Switzerland, Val Munstair; N46.5852, E10.4544; leg. Graf; 20.VII.2006; in coll. WG. 1 male: Montenegro, Brodavac, right tributary of Peručica; N42.6859, E19.7364; leg. A. Previšić; 10.VII.2013; in coll. AP.

France, Rhône-Alpes, Haute-Savoie, Chamonix valley.

Adults. Habitus fawn to brown; sternites and tergites fawn to brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic, thoracic and abdominal setation blond; legs fawn, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings blond-brown, with blond-brown setae on veins and blond setae on membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 12–15 mm, spur formula 1–3–3.

Male genitalia (Fig. 5). Tergite VIII light brown, setation scarce, in lateral view with distinct cranial dorsal protuberance; spinose area in lateral view with distinct dorsal protrusion and dorsomedial caudal protrusion, in dorsal view suboval, caudally straight; flanked by membraneous, less sclerotized areas. Segment IX in lateral view ventrally distinctly concave distally; in caudal view dorsally approximately as wide as ventrally; with a distinct, caudally straight rounded protrusion indorsal half (best seen in ventral view). Superior appendages in lateral view suboval, curved obtusely caudad in proximal half, proximal half with distinct dorsal protrusion, approximately as long as high; in dorsal view medially concave; medial transverse section suboval. Intermediate appendages in lateral view medially approximately straight, dorsally with rounded, rough tip; in dorsal view tips separate, oval, distally converging; in caudal view approximately triangular with dorsally diverging tips. Inferior appendages in lateral view conical; in ventral and dorsal views with distinct medial protrusion and distinct notch; in ventral view with longitudinal groove delimiting medial lobe. Parameres simple with single bulbously based tine in distal third.

Female depicted by Schmid (1956), Malicky (2004); larva in key presented by Waringer and Graf (2011), Vitecek et al. (in press); pupa unknown.

This species is one of the most widespread species, covering all major European mountain ranges from the Carpathians to the Pyrenees (ecoregions 1–10) (Fig. 11).

Schmid, 1956

Fig. 6

Figure 6.

Male genitalia of . A left lateral view B paramere, lateral view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

1 male: Macedonia, Jablanica Mt., Labunište; N41.271841, E20.558136; leg. Kučinić and Krpač; 19.IX.2013; in coll. MK. 1 male: Macedonia, Pelister Mt., springs of Caparska reka; N41.003889, E21.167944; leg. Graf and Previšić; 07.VII.2010; in coll. WG.

Macedonia, Pelister Mountains.

Adults. Habitus yellow; sternites and tergites fawn; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, blond; legs fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings yellow with blond setae on veins and membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 10–12 mm; spur formula 1–3–3.

Male genitalia (Fig. 6). Tergite VIII fawn, setation lateral, scarce; spinose area in lateral view approximately flat, in dorsal view suboval, tapering cranially; flanked by membraneous, less sclerotized areas. Segment IX in lateral view ventrally deeply concave distally, with distinct medial and ventral caudad protrusion; in caudal view slightly wider dorsally than ventrally; with sharp, caudally approximately straight protrusion in dorsal half (best seen in dorsal and ventral views). Superior appendages in lateral view irregularly suboval, curved obtusely caudad in proximal quarter, proximally with an irregular dorsal and irregular ventral protuberance, longest in anterioposterior axis: approximately 2.5 times longer than high; in dorsal view proximally slightly concave medially; medial transverse section suboval. Intermediate appendages in lateral view with two rough tips: 1 curved dorso-posteriorly, 1 central, rounded; in dorsal view posterior tips adjacent, parallel; in caudal view subtriangular with slender lateral projections. Inferior appendages in lateral view approximately conical, proximally wide, distally slender; in ventral and dorsal views with medial tip and notch, separated by slight notch; in ventral view with longitudinal groove delimiting medial lobe. Parameres simple, with single dorsal tine in distal third.

Female depicted by Schmid (1956), Malicky (2004); larva in key presented by Vitecek et al. (in press); pupa unknown.

Micro-endemic of the Pelister and Jablanica Mountains, Hellenic Western Balkans (ecoregion 6) (Fig. 11).

Kumanski, 1973

Fig. 7

Figure 7.

Male genitalia of . A left lateral view B paramere, lateral view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

10 males: Bulgaria, Vihren, Pirin Mountains, Okotovo-Banserishka, marshy spring; N41.7389, E23.4462; leg. Keresztes, Török, Kolcsár; 23.VIII.2013; in coll WG.

Bulgaria, Rila and Pirin Mountains.

Adults. Habitus yellow to brown; sternites and tergites yellow to brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephlic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, short, dark; legs yellow to light brown, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings yellow to fawn, with blond setae on veins and membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented. Forewing length 12–14 mm; spur formula 1–3–3.

Male genitalia (Fig. 7). Tergite VIII yellow to brown, setae absent; spinose area in lateral view approximately flat, in dorsal view suboval, somewhat rectangular cranially; flanked by membraneous, less sclerotized area bearing single seta. Segment IX in lateral view ventrally slightly concave distally; in caudal view wider ventrally than dorsally; with distinct, approximately triangular, rounded protrusion in dorsal half (best seen in dorsal view). Superior appendages in lateral view suboval, curved obtusely caudad in proximal third, proximally with distinct dorsal protrusion, longest in anterioposterior axis: approximately 3 times longer PageBreakthan high; in dorsal view proximally slightly concave medially; medial transverse section oval. Intermediate appendages in lateral view with rounded, rough tip; in dorsal view 2 separate parallel tips, each oval, rough; in caudal view subtriangular, dorsally with 2 separate tips. Inferior appendages in lateral view conical; in ventral and dorsal views slender with minute subtriangular medial protrusion and shallow notch; in ventral view with longitudinal groove delimiting medial lobe. Parameres simple, with single, bulbously based tine in distal third.

Female depicted by Kumanski (1973), Malicky (2004); larva in key presented by Vitecek et al. (in press); pupa unknown.

Regionally in the Eastern Balkans (ecoregion 7) (Fig. 11).

Comments.

This species was first described as a subspecies of , but was elevated to species rank (Vitecek et al. in press). It is morphologically distinct from , disjunct in distribution, and was recovered as a well-separated clade from in the phylogenetic analyses of Pauls et al. (2009) and Vitecek et al. (in press).

McLachlan, 1868

Fig. 8

Figure 8.

Male genitalia of . A left lateral view B paramere, lateral view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

1 male: Switzerland, Furkapass; N46.5888, E8.4327; leg. Graf; 21.VII.2006, in coll. WG.

Switzerland, Canton of Uri, Hospental.

Adults. Habitus dark; sternites and tergites brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale, cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, short, dark; coxa, trochanter, femur brown, tibia and tarsi fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings brown, smoky, with dark setae on veins and blond setae on membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; Forewing length 11–13 mm (Malicky 2004); spur formula 1–3–3.

Male genitalia (Fig. 8). Tergite VIII brown, setae absent; spinose area in lateral view convex with caudal ventral lobe, in dorsal view suboval with small medial protrusion; flanked by membraneous, less sclerotized areas. Segment IX in lateral view ventrally slightly concave distally; in caudal view wider dorsally than ventrally; with sharp caudally straight subtriangular protrusion in the dorsal half (best seen in dorsal and ventral views). Superior appendages in lateral view irregular, curved obtusely caudad in proximal quarter, proximally distinctly dilated, distally clavate, longest in anterioposterior axis: approximately 5 times longer than high; in dorsal view the proximal third concave medially; medial transverse section circular. Intermediate appendages in lateral view with long, rounded rough tip; in dorsal view tips separate, approximately parallel, proximally bulbous; in caudal view subtriangular. Inferior appendages in lateral view subtriangular, ventrally irregular, proximally sightly concave dorsally; in ventral and dorsal views broad, with small subtriangular medial protrusion and distinct notch; in ventral view with longitudinal groove delimiting medial lobe; in caudal view broad. Parameres simple, with single dorsal tine in distal third.

Female depicted by Schmid (1956), Malicky (2004), larva in key presented by Waringer and Graf (2011), Vitecek et al. (in press); pupa unknown.

Regionally in the Western Alps (ecoregion 4) (Fig. 11).

Murgoci and Botosaneanu, 1953

Fig. 9

Figure 9.

Male genitalia of . A left lateral view B paramere, lateral view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

1 male: Romania, Apuseni Mts., Garda de Sus, tributary of Ariesul Mare; N46.4508, E22.7982; leg. Oláh, Bajka, Balogh, Borics; 29.V.2013; in coll. WG. 1 male: Romania, Apuseni Mts., Muntii Giaului, Stiunea Muntele Baisorii, Lupinus stream; leg. Oláh, Balogh, Fekete; 18.VI.2013; in coll. WG. 1 male: Romania, Retezat Mts, Bucara Stream, 150 m below Bucara lake; N45.3570, E22.8753; leg. Bajka, Balogh, Borics, Borics; 10.VIII.2013; in coll. WG.

Romania, Carpathian Mountains, spring areas of the Ialomita stream.

Description. Adults. Habitus brown to light brown; sternites and tergites brown to light brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic, thoracic and abdominal PageBreaksetation blond; legs light brown, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings brown, proximally lighter, with blond setae on veins and membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 12–14 mm; spur formula 1–3–3.

Male genitalia (Fig. 9). Tergite VIII brown, setae present; spinose area in lateral view approximately flat with slight dorsal protrusion, in dorsal view suboval, distally straight; flanked by membraneous, less sclerotized areas. Segment IX in lateral view dorsally with distinct notch distally, ventrally irregularly concave distally; in caudal PageBreakview ventrally wider than dorsally; with distinct subtriangular rounded protrusion in dorsal half (best seen in dorsal view). Superior appendages in lateral view elongate suboval, curved obtusely dorsocaudad in proximal quarter, proximally with round dorsal protrusion and irregular ventral protrusion, longest in anterioposterior axis: approximately 4.5 times longer than high; in dorsal view proximally distinctly concave medially; medial transverse section circular. Intermediate appendages in lateral view with rounded, rough tip; in dorsal view tips separate, laterally diverging; in caudal view subtriangular. Inferior appendages in lateral view conical, long, dorsally irregular, proximally slightly concave dorsally; in ventral and dorsal views proximal half robust, distal half slender with slight medial protrusion and shallow notch. Parameres simple, with medial hook-shaped tip bearing several smaller tines.

Female and pupa unknown; larva in key presented by Vitecek et al. (in press).

Regionally in the Western and Southern Carpathians (ecoregion 10) (Fig. 11).

Malicky, 1981

Fig. 10

Figure 10.

Male genitalia of . A left lateral view B paramere, lateral view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.

5 males: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sutjeska National Park, stream close to Čermerno; N43.2650, E18.5927; leg. Previšić, Miliša; 04.VII.2012; in coll. AP.

Montenegro, Andrijevica, Gnjili Potok.

Adults. Habitus yellow to fawn; sternites and tergites fawn; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic, thoracic and abdominal setation blond; legs yellow to fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings fawn, with blond to brown setae on veins and blond setae on membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented, forewing length 10–12 mm, spur formula 1–3–3.

Male genitalia (Fig. 10). Tergite VIII fawn, setation concentrated dorsally and posterolaterally, with slight dorsal protrusion; spinose area in lateral view approximately flat, in dorsal view oval; flanked by membraneous, less sclerotized areas. Segment IX in lateral view with medial caudad protrusion, ventrally irregularly concave distally; in caudal view wider dorsally than ventrally; with distinct rounded triangular protrusion in dorsal half (best seen in dorsal and ventral views). Superior appendages in lateral view suboval, curved obtusely caudad in proximal half, proximal half with distinct rounded protrusion, in dorsal view slightly concave medially; medial transverse section subcircular. Intermediate appendages in lateral view with pointed, hook-like tip arching dorsad; in dorsal and caudal views the tips fused; in caudal view subtriangular. Inferior appendages in lateral view conical, short, blunt, posteroventrally somewhat concave; in ventral view with medial protrusion and distinct notch. Parameres simple, with single bulbously based tine in distal third.

Female and pupa unknown; larva in key presented by Vitecek et al. (in press).

Micro-endemic of the Dinaric Western Balkans (ecoregion 5) (Fig. 11).

Discussion

micro-endemics of the Western Balkans

Morphology of the new species as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses (Vitecek et al. in press) suggest that the new species belong to the monophyletic clade of filtering carnivorous sensu Pauls et al. (2008), comprising , , , , , and . The species described here are similar to Schmid. However, they differ distinctly in the morphology of the male genitalia, particularly the intermediate PageBreakappendages, and are discretely distributed. Also, they are highly supported in phylogenetic analysis and form a highly supported clade comprising ( + ( + ) in the phylogenetic analysis of Vitecek et al. (in press). To our knowledge, the new species are small-scale endemics restricted to single mountain ranges.

Interestingly, the type localities of the new species are close to the known range of (Fig. 11). Such small-scale distribution of distinct species is well documented from the Western Balkans (Marinković-Gospodnetić 1976; Kučinić et al. 2011a; Oláh 2010, 2011; Oláh and Kovács 2013; Previšić et al. 2014a, b; Vitecek et al. 2015). Similarly, other taxa exhibit comparable distribution patterns, in which single mountain ranges represent the range of a species, or haplogroups (Ursenbacher et al. 2008, Stevanović et al. 2009, Zogaris et al. 2009, Karaman et al. 2011). The intriguing distribution patterns exhibited by some groups of species potentially result from the geological history of the region and historic and present-day climate conditions. Small-scale speciation of presumably is facilitated by intrinsic traits of the subfamily, such as their occurrence at higher elevations (Pauls et al. 2006, 2009), a putatively low long-distance dispersal potential (Müller-Peddinghaus 2011, Geismar et al. 2015), and might be further enhanced by habitat fragmentation, e.g., by regional karstification. Occurrence of could therefore serve as proxy to occurrence of other aquatic invertebrate taxa, particularly to crenobiont taxa exhibiting the same or similar traits.

Western Balkan aquatic diversity

The Western Balkans represent a hot-spot of species richness and endemicity in Europe (Griffiths et al. 2004, Guéorguiev 2007, Kenyeres et al. 2009, Jaskuła 2011). In particular, the faunas of isolated habitats such as coldwater springs and streams, caves or the profundal zone of large lakes contribute to high species richness in the region (Petkovski et al. 2009, Wilke et al. 2010, Pešić and Glöer 2013). Such taxa probably are more susceptible to factors promoting speciation, such as climatic and geological processes (e.g., karstification, see Previšić et al. 2009, 2014b), especially if their dispersal potential is low.

The description of the two new micro-endemic species increases the number of Western Balkan species. richness in the Western Balkans currently comprises 40 species including 13 species (30 %) that were discovered since 2010, of which 32 are endemic to the Western Balkans (Graf et al. 2008; Oláh 2010, 2011; Schmidt-Kloiber and Hering 2012; Oláh and Kovács 2013; Previšić et al. 2014b; Vitecek et al. 2015; Ibrahimi et al. pers. comm.; this study).

Thus, endemism rates of Western Balkan are high, and are further augmented by the description of the two new micro-endemic species. Global and anthropogenic habitat changes are among the greatest threats to micro-endemic and endemic freshwater species (Hering et al. 2009, Tierno de Figueroa et al. 2010, Bálint et al. 2011, Conti et al. 2014). Water extraction for human consumption intensified by tourism, agriculture, and hydroelectricity are the primary modes of global anthropogenic habitat modification of freshwaters (Foster 1991, Polhemus 1993, Dudgeon 2006). Hydropower plants were identified as the greatest threat to European freshwater biodiversity (Freyhof 2012, Schwarz 2012, Zarfl et al. 2014, http://riverwatch.eu).

Recent published taxonomic works treating the Western Balkans, including the present one describing two new micro-endemic species, have demonstrated the significance of the region for European biodiversity. However, progressing socio-economic change and anthropogenic habitat modification threaten the freshwater biodiversity of the Western Balkans, and potentially will result in the loss of yet-to-be discovered species.