Helmia Farida1, M Hussein Gasem2, Agus Suryanto2, Monique Keuter3, Nasirun Zulkarnain4, Bambang Satoto4, Annemiek A van der Eijk5, R Djokomoeljanto2, Hendro Wahyono6, Henri A Verbrugh7, Juliëtte A Severin7, Peterhans J van den Broek8. 1. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University - Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. Electronic address: helmia_farida@yahoo.com. 2. Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Kariadi Hospital - Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. 3. Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 4. Department of Radiology, Dr. Kariadi Hospital - Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. 5. Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 6. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University - Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. 7. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 8. Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Knowledge about the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is essential for adequate management. Presently, few studies about CAP are available from Southeast Asia. This study aimed to investigate the etiology, severity, and outcome of CAP in the most populous Southeast Asia country, Indonesia. METHODS: From October 2007 to April 2009, adult patients admitted with CAP to two hospitals in Semarang, Indonesia, were included to detect the etiology of CAP using a full range of diagnostic methods. The severity of disease was classified according to the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). The outcome was assessed as 30-day mortality. RESULTS: In total, 148 consecutive patients with CAP were included. Influenza virus (18%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%) were the most common agents identified. Other Gram-negative bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia pneumoniae each accounted for 5%. The bacteria presented wild type antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Forty-four percent of subjects were high-risk patients (PSI class IV-V). The mortality rate (30%) was significantly associated with disease severity score (P<0.001), and with failure to establish an etiological diagnosis (P=0.027). No associations were found between etiology and underlying diseases, PSI class, nor mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Viruses and Gram-negative bacilli are dominant causes of CAP in this region, more so than S. pneumoniae. Most of the bacteria have wild type susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Patients with severe disease and those with unknown etiology have a higher mortality risk.
OBJECTIVE: Knowledge about the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is essential for adequate management. Presently, few studies about CAP are available from Southeast Asia. This study aimed to investigate the etiology, severity, and outcome of CAP in the most populous Southeast Asia country, Indonesia. METHODS: From October 2007 to April 2009, adult patients admitted with CAP to two hospitals in Semarang, Indonesia, were included to detect the etiology of CAP using a full range of diagnostic methods. The severity of disease was classified according to the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). The outcome was assessed as 30-day mortality. RESULTS: In total, 148 consecutive patients with CAP were included. Influenza virus (18%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%) were the most common agents identified. Other Gram-negative bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia pneumoniae each accounted for 5%. The bacteria presented wild type antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Forty-four percent of subjects were high-risk patients (PSI class IV-V). The mortality rate (30%) was significantly associated with disease severity score (P<0.001), and with failure to establish an etiological diagnosis (P=0.027). No associations were found between etiology and underlying diseases, PSI class, nor mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Viruses and Gram-negative bacilli are dominant causes of CAP in this region, more so than S. pneumoniae. Most of the bacteria have wild type susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Patients with severe disease and those with unknown etiology have a higher mortality risk.
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