Joel Shapiro1, J Jan B van Lanschot2, Maarten C C M Hulshof3, Pieter van Hagen4, Mark I van Berge Henegouwen5, Bas P L Wijnhoven4, Hanneke W M van Laarhoven6, Grard A P Nieuwenhuijzen7, Geke A P Hospers8, Johannes J Bonenkamp9, Miguel A Cuesta10, Reinoud J B Blaisse11, Olivier R C Busch3, Fiebo J W Ten Kate12, Geert-Jan M Creemers13, Cornelis J A Punt14, John Th M Plukker15, Henk M W Verheul16, Ernst J Spillenaar Bilgen17, Herman van Dekken18, Maurice J C van der Sangen19, Tom Rozema20, Katharina Biermann21, Jannet C Beukema22, Anna H M Piet23, Caroline M van Rij24, Janny G Reinders25, Hugo W Tilanus4, Ewout W Steyerberg26, Ate van der Gaast27. 1. Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: j.shapiro@erasmusmc.nl. 2. Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 4. Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 5. Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 6. Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 7. Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands. 8. Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. 9. Department of Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 10. Department of Surgery, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 11. Department of Medical Oncology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands. 12. Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 13. Department of Medical Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands. 14. Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 15. Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. 16. Department of Medical Oncology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 17. Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands. 18. Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pathology, St Lucas Andreas Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 19. Department of Radiation Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands. 20. Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Verbeeten Institute, Tilburg, Netherlands. 21. Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 22. Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. 23. Department of Radiation Oncology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 24. Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 25. Arnhem Radiotherapeutic Institute ARTI, Arnhem, Netherlands. 26. Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 27. Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Initial results of the ChemoRadiotherapy for Oesophageal cancer followed by Surgery Study (CROSS) comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or oesophagogastric junction showed a significant increase in 5-year overall survival in favour of the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group after a median of 45 months' follow-up. In this Article, we report the long-term results after a minimum follow-up of 5 years. METHODS:Patients with clinically resectable, locally advanced cancer of the oesophagus or oesophagogastric junction (clinical stage T1N1M0 or T2-3N0-1M0, according to the TNM cancer staging system, sixth edition) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio with permuted blocks of four or six to receive either weekly administration of five cycles of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (intravenous carboplatin [AUC 2 mg/mL per min] and intravenous paclitaxel [50 mg/m(2) of body-surface area] for 23 days) with concurrent radiotherapy (41·4 Gy, given in 23 fractions of 1·8 Gy on 5 days per week) followed by surgery, or surgery alone. The primary endpoint was overall survival, analysed by intention-to-treat. No adverse event data were collected beyond those noted in the initial report of the trial. This trial is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register, number NTR487, and has been completed. FINDINGS: Between March 30, 2004, and Dec 2, 2008, 368 patients from eight participating centres (five academic centres and three large non-academic teaching hospitals) in the Netherlands were enrolled into this study and randomly assigned to the two treatment groups: 180 to surgery plus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and 188 to surgery alone. Two patients in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy group withdrew consent, so a total of 366 patients were analysed (178 in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 188 in the surgery alone group). Of 171 patients who received anyneoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in this group, 162 (95%) were able to complete the entire neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimen. After a median follow-up for surviving patients of 84·1 months (range 61·1-116·8, IQR 70·7-96·6), median overall survival was 48·6 months (95% CI 32·1-65·1) in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 24·0 months (14·2-33·7) in the surgery alone group (HR 0·68 [95% CI 0·53-0·88]; log-rank p=0·003). Median overall survival for patients with squamous cell carcinomas was 81·6 months (95% CI 47·2-116·0) in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 21·1 months (15·4-26·7) in the surgery alone group (HR 0·48 [95% CI 0·28-0·83]; log-rank p=0·008); for patients with adenocarcinomas, it was 43·2 months (24·9-61·4) in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 27·1 months (13·0-41·2) in the surgery alone group (HR 0·73 [95% CI 0·55-0·98]; log-rank p=0·038). INTERPRETATION: Long-term follow-up confirms the overall survival benefits for neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy when added to surgery in patients with resectable oesophageal or oesophagogastric junctional cancer. This improvement is clinically relevant for both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma subtypes. Therefore, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy according to the CROSS trial followed by surgical resection should be regarded as a standard of care for patients with resectable locally advanced oesophageal or oesophagogastric junctional cancer. FUNDING: Dutch Cancer Foundation (KWF Kankerbestrijding).
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: Initial results of the ChemoRadiotherapy for Oesophageal cancer followed by Surgery Study (CROSS) comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or oesophagogastric junction showed a significant increase in 5-year overall survival in favour of the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group after a median of 45 months' follow-up. In this Article, we report the long-term results after a minimum follow-up of 5 years. METHODS:Patients with clinically resectable, locally advanced cancer of the oesophagus or oesophagogastric junction (clinical stage T1N1M0 or T2-3N0-1M0, according to the TNM cancer staging system, sixth edition) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio with permuted blocks of four or six to receive either weekly administration of five cycles of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (intravenous carboplatin [AUC 2 mg/mL per min] and intravenous paclitaxel [50 mg/m(2) of body-surface area] for 23 days) with concurrent radiotherapy (41·4 Gy, given in 23 fractions of 1·8 Gy on 5 days per week) followed by surgery, or surgery alone. The primary endpoint was overall survival, analysed by intention-to-treat. No adverse event data were collected beyond those noted in the initial report of the trial. This trial is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register, number NTR487, and has been completed. FINDINGS: Between March 30, 2004, and Dec 2, 2008, 368 patients from eight participating centres (five academic centres and three large non-academic teaching hospitals) in the Netherlands were enrolled into this study and randomly assigned to the two treatment groups: 180 to surgery plus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and 188 to surgery alone. Two patients in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy group withdrew consent, so a total of 366 patients were analysed (178 in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 188 in the surgery alone group). Of 171 patients who received any neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in this group, 162 (95%) were able to complete the entire neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimen. After a median follow-up for surviving patients of 84·1 months (range 61·1-116·8, IQR 70·7-96·6), median overall survival was 48·6 months (95% CI 32·1-65·1) in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 24·0 months (14·2-33·7) in the surgery alone group (HR 0·68 [95% CI 0·53-0·88]; log-rank p=0·003). Median overall survival for patients with squamous cell carcinomas was 81·6 months (95% CI 47·2-116·0) in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 21·1 months (15·4-26·7) in the surgery alone group (HR 0·48 [95% CI 0·28-0·83]; log-rank p=0·008); for patients with adenocarcinomas, it was 43·2 months (24·9-61·4) in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 27·1 months (13·0-41·2) in the surgery alone group (HR 0·73 [95% CI 0·55-0·98]; log-rank p=0·038). INTERPRETATION: Long-term follow-up confirms the overall survival benefits for neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy when added to surgery in patients with resectable oesophageal or oesophagogastric junctional cancer. This improvement is clinically relevant for both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma subtypes. Therefore, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy according to the CROSS trial followed by surgical resection should be regarded as a standard of care for patients with resectable locally advanced oesophageal or oesophagogastric junctional cancer. FUNDING: Dutch Cancer Foundation (KWF Kankerbestrijding).
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