Recyclable Mg-Al layered double hydroxides for fluoride removal: Kinetic and equilibrium studies.

Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) intercalated with NO3(-) (NO3 · Mg-Al LDH) and Cl(-) (Cl · Mg-Al LDH) were found to adsorb fluoride from aqueous solutions. Fluoride is removed by anion exchange in solution with NO3(-) and Cl(-) intercalated in the LDH interlayer. In both cases, the residual F concentration is lower than the effluent standards for F in Japan (8 mg/L). The rate-determining step in the removal of F using NO3 · Mg-Al and Cl · Mg-Al LDH is chemical adsorption involving F(-) anion exchange with intercalated NO3(-) and Cl(-) ions. The removal of F is described by pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics, with Langmuir-type adsorption. The values obtained for the maximum adsorption and the equilibrium adsorption constant are respectively 3.3 mmol g(-1) and 2.8 with NO3 · Mg-Al LDH, and 3.2 mmol g(-1) and 1.5 with Cl · Mg-Al LDH. The F in the F · Mg-Al LDH produced in these reactions was found to exchange with NO3(-) and Cl(-) ions in solution. The regenerated NO3 · Mg-Al and Cl · Mg-Al LDHs thus obtained can be used once more to capture aqueous F. This suggests that NO3 · Mg-Al and Cl · Mg-Al LDHs can be recycled and used repeatedly for F removal.