Cardiovascular risk factors, burden of disease and preventive strategies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with the general population. Traditional risk factors cannot account for the totality of CV events and adequate prevention may be challenging. AREAS COVERED: This review summarizes traditional and emerging risk factors of CVD in SLE patients and goes over potential pathogenic mechanisms involved in CVD development. Role of commonly used drugs and preventive strategies exploitable in everyday clinical practice are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION: SLE-related risk factors involve both disease- and treatment-related features, including disease activity, disease phenotype, corticosteroid misuse and alterations of innate and adaptive immunity. Primary prevention is mandatory in management of lupus patients through appropriate disease control, corticosteroid tapering, use of antimalarials and eventually vitamin D supplementation.