M H Maneli1, L Wiesner2, C Tinguely3, L M Davids4, Z Spengane1, P Smith2, J C van Wyk1, A Jardine5, N P Khumalo1. 1. Division of Dermatology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. 2. Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. 3. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 4. Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 5. Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The topical steroids betamethasone (BM) and clobetasol propionate (CP) are illegal in cosmetics. Hydroquinone (HQ) and mercury (Hg) are either illegal or allowed only in limited concentrations (2% and 1 ppm, respectively). AIM: To investigate active ingredients and countries of origin of popular skin-lightening products available in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS: In total, 29 products were examined; of these, 22 products were purchased from informal vendors, and 2 products (out of a total of 29) were purchased over the counter. HQ, Hg(2+) and steroids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 29 products, 22 (75.9%), all imported and bought from informal vendors, contained illegal or banned ingredients: 13 (44.8%) contained steroids (9 CP, 4 BM), 12 (41.4%) contained Hg (30-2300 ppm), and 11 (37.9%) contained HQ. Sequentially, the products originated from Italy (27.3%, n = 6), India (22.7%, n = 5), the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (22.7%, n = 5), Cote d'Ivoire (9.1%, n = 2), USA (9.1%, n = 2), UK (4.5%, n = 1) and France (4.5%, n = 1). Two products, one from India and one from the DRC, contained all four ingredients (HQ, Hg, BM, CP). Of the 12 products containing Hg, 10 also contained HQ and/or a steroid, yet none listed Hg as an ingredient. A significant proportion of the steroid-containing products (76.9%) also contained at least one other skin-lightening agent. Not all internationally available products were tested, which is a limitation of the study. CONCLUSION: In spite of a European Union ban on skin lighteners, a third of the products tested were from Europe. Combinations of Hg and ultrapotent steroids were prominent. International law enforcement and random testing is needed to encourage industry compliance and help protect consumers.
BACKGROUND: The topical steroidsbetamethasone (BM) and clobetasol propionate (CP) are illegal in cosmetics. Hydroquinone (HQ) and mercury (Hg) are either illegal or allowed only in limited concentrations (2% and 1 ppm, respectively). AIM: To investigate active ingredients and countries of origin of popular skin-lightening products available in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS: In total, 29 products were examined; of these, 22 products were purchased from informal vendors, and 2 products (out of a total of 29) were purchased over the counter. HQ, Hg(2+) and steroids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 29 products, 22 (75.9%), all imported and bought from informal vendors, contained illegal or banned ingredients: 13 (44.8%) contained steroids (9 CP, 4 BM), 12 (41.4%) contained Hg (30-2300 ppm), and 11 (37.9%) contained HQ. Sequentially, the products originated from Italy (27.3%, n = 6), India (22.7%, n = 5), the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (22.7%, n = 5), Cote d'Ivoire (9.1%, n = 2), USA (9.1%, n = 2), UK (4.5%, n = 1) and France (4.5%, n = 1). Two products, one from India and one from the DRC, contained all four ingredients (HQ, Hg, BM, CP). Of the 12 products containing Hg, 10 also contained HQ and/or a steroid, yet none listed Hg as an ingredient. A significant proportion of the steroid-containing products (76.9%) also contained at least one other skin-lightening agent. Not all internationally available products were tested, which is a limitation of the study. CONCLUSION: In spite of a European Union ban on skin lighteners, a third of the products tested were from Europe. Combinations of Hg and ultrapotent steroids were prominent. International law enforcement and random testing is needed to encourage industry compliance and help protect consumers.
Authors: Louise A Brinton; Jonine D Figueroa; Daniel Ansong; Kofi M Nyarko; Seth Wiafe; Joel Yarney; Richard Biritwum; Michelle Brotzman; Jake E Thistle; Ernest Adjei; Francis Aitpillah; Florence Dedey; Lawrence Edusei; Nicholas Titiloye; Baffour Awuah; Joe Nat Clegg-Lamptey; Beatrice Wiafe-Addai; Verna Vanderpuye Journal: Carcinogenesis Date: 2018-04-05 Impact factor: 4.944
Authors: Louise A Brinton; Britton Trabert; Ashley M Geczik; Roni T Falk; Xia Xu; Beatrice Wiafe-Addai; Joel Yarney; Baffour Awuah; Richard Biritwum; Verna Vanderpuye; Florence Dedey; Ernest Adjei; Francis Aitpillah; Ernest Osei-Bonsu; Joseph Oppong; Nicholas Titiloye; Lawrence Edusei; Kofi Nyarko; Joe-Nat Clegg-Lamptey; Seth Wiafe; Daniel Ansong; Thomas U Ahearn; Jonine Figueroa; Montserrat Garcia-Closas Journal: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol Date: 2022-01-06 Impact factor: 6.371