Elaine Uchima Uehara1,2, Beatriz de Stefano Shida1, Cyro Alves de Brito3,4. 1. Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 10º andar, São Paulo, 01246-902, Brazil. 2. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 3. Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 10º andar, São Paulo, 01246-902, Brazil. cbrito@usp.br. 4. Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Medical School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. cbrito@usp.br.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical produced during L-arginine metabolism. In addition to its physiological activities in vascular and neuronal functions, its role in the immune system as a microbicide and tumor-killing mediator has been well described, as well as its release by activated macrophages. Furthermore, NO is produced by a variety of immune and non-immune cells and is involved in the regulation of several immune functions, such as T-cell polarization and suppression. RESULTS: Viral infections generally promote NO production; however, according to its concentration, NO can trigger different effector mechanisms in immune responses. NO can activate the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), can increase the cytoplasmic p53 tumor suppressor molecule, and can modify host and viral molecules by nitrosylation. Because of its microbicide function, NO has frequently been considered a protective mediator in viral infections; however, in some cases NO could be deleterious, potentiating inflammation or contributing to virus latency. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, advances in the knowledge of the role of NO in immunomodulation and in the pathogenesis of viral diseases could contribute not only to the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies but also to the use of its metabolites (nitrate/nitrite) and the enzyme responsible for its production (iNOS) as prognostic markers of some of these viral infections.
INTRODUCTION:Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical produced during L-arginine metabolism. In addition to its physiological activities in vascular and neuronal functions, its role in the immune system as a microbicide and tumor-killing mediator has been well described, as well as its release by activated macrophages. Furthermore, NO is produced by a variety of immune and non-immune cells and is involved in the regulation of several immune functions, such as T-cell polarization and suppression. RESULTS:Viral infections generally promote NO production; however, according to its concentration, NO can trigger different effector mechanisms in immune responses. NO can activate the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), can increase the cytoplasmic p53tumor suppressor molecule, and can modify host and viral molecules by nitrosylation. Because of its microbicide function, NO has frequently been considered a protective mediator in viral infections; however, in some cases NO could be deleterious, potentiating inflammation or contributing to virus latency. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, advances in the knowledge of the role of NO in immunomodulation and in the pathogenesis of viral diseases could contribute not only to the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies but also to the use of its metabolites (nitrate/nitrite) and the enzyme responsible for its production (iNOS) as prognostic markers of some of these viral infections.
Authors: Thomas W Geisbert; Howard A Young; Peter B Jahrling; Kelly J Davis; Tom Larsen; Elliott Kagan; Lisa E Hensley Journal: Am J Pathol Date: 2003-12 Impact factor: 4.307
Authors: M I Bukrinsky; H S Nottet; H Schmidtmayerova; L Dubrovsky; C R Flanagan; M E Mullins; S A Lipton; H E Gendelman Journal: J Exp Med Date: 1995-02-01 Impact factor: 14.307
Authors: Christina L Lebonville; Jacqueline E Paniccia; Shveta V Parekh; Lynde M Wangler; Meghan E Jones; Rita A Fuchs; Donald T Lysle Journal: Brain Behav Immun Date: 2020-07-24 Impact factor: 7.217
Authors: A F Vanin; A V Pekshev; A B Vagapov; N A Sharapov; V L Lakomkin; A A Abramov; A A Timoshin; V I Kapelko Journal: Biophysics (Oxf) Date: 2021-04-27
Authors: B P Madhu; K P Singh; M Saminathan; R Singh; N Shivasharanappa; A K Sharma; Yashpal S Malik; K Dhama; V Manjunatha Journal: Virusdisease Date: 2016-09-01
Authors: Lee W Hutson; Christina L Lebonville; Meghan E Jones; Rita A Fuchs; Donald T Lysle Journal: Brain Behav Immun Date: 2017-01-25 Impact factor: 7.217
Authors: Christina L Lebonville; Meghan E Jones; Lee W Hutson; Letty B Cooper; Rita A Fuchs; Donald T Lysle Journal: Brain Behav Immun Date: 2016-04-09 Impact factor: 7.217
Authors: W Kazana; M Mitkiewicz; M Ochnik; M Sochocka; A Zambrowicz; G Piechowiak; J Macała; P Miernikiewicz; A Zabłocka Journal: Oxid Med Cell Longev Date: 2020-05-15 Impact factor: 6.543