Saul Shiffman1, Xiaoxue Li2, Michael S Dunbar3, Stuart G Ferguson4, Hilary A Tindle5, Sarah M Scholl3. 1. Smoking Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Avenue, Suite 510, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: shiffman@pitt.edu. 2. Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. 3. Smoking Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Avenue, Suite 510, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. 4. School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 34, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia. 5. Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 230 McKee Place, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: "Social smoking" - smoking mostly or even only with others - may be an important pattern that implies smoking motivated extrinsically by social influences. Non-daily smokers (intermittent smokers; ITS) are often assumed to be social smokers, with some authors even assuming that all ITS are social smokers (SS+). We sought to identify and characterize social smokers in a sample of ITS. METHODS: 204 adult ITS (smoking 4-27 days/month) recorded the circumstances of smoking in their natural settings using Ecological Momentary Assessment, while also recording their circumstances in nonsmoking moments. SS+ were defined as ITS who were with others when they smoked most of their cigarettes, and who were ≥50% more likely to be with others when smoking than when not. RESULTS: Only 13% of ITS were SS+. Although defined solely on the basis of presence of others, SS+ showed a distinct pattern of smoking across multiple dimensions: compared to other ITS (who were significantly less likely to smoke when with others), SS+ smoking was more associated with socializing, being with friends and acquaintances, drinking alcohol, weekends, evening or nighttime, being in other people's homes, but not their own home. SS+ smoking was low in the morning and increased in the evening. SS+ smoked fewer days/week and were less dependent, but did not differ demographically. CONCLUSIONS: Social smoking does constitute a highly distinct smoking pattern, but is not common among adult ITS.
BACKGROUND: "Social smoking" - smoking mostly or even only with others - may be an important pattern that implies smoking motivated extrinsically by social influences. Non-daily smokers (intermittent smokers; ITS) are often assumed to be social smokers, with some authors even assuming that all ITS are social smokers (SS+). We sought to identify and characterize social smokers in a sample of ITS. METHODS: 204 adult ITS (smoking 4-27 days/month) recorded the circumstances of smoking in their natural settings using Ecological Momentary Assessment, while also recording their circumstances in nonsmoking moments. SS+ were defined as ITS who were with others when they smoked most of their cigarettes, and who were ≥50% more likely to be with others when smoking than when not. RESULTS: Only 13% of ITS were SS+. Although defined solely on the basis of presence of others, SS+ showed a distinct pattern of smoking across multiple dimensions: compared to other ITS (who were significantly less likely to smoke when with others), SS+ smoking was more associated with socializing, being with friends and acquaintances, drinking alcohol, weekends, evening or nighttime, being in other people's homes, but not their own home. SS+ smoking was low in the morning and increased in the evening. SS+ smoked fewer days/week and were less dependent, but did not differ demographically. CONCLUSIONS: Social smoking does constitute a highly distinct smoking pattern, but is not common among adult ITS.
Authors: Megan E Piper; Thomas M Piasecki; E Belle Federman; Daniel M Bolt; Stevens S Smith; Michael C Fiore; Timothy B Baker Journal: J Consult Clin Psychol Date: 2004-04
Authors: Timothy B Baker; Megan E Piper; Danielle E McCarthy; Daniel M Bolt; Stevens S Smith; Su-Young Kim; Suzanne Colby; David Conti; Gary A Giovino; Dorothy Hatsukami; Andrew Hyland; Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin; Raymond Niaura; Kenneth A Perkins; Benjamin A Toll Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2007-11 Impact factor: 4.244
Authors: Saul Shiffman; Michael S Dunbar; Xiaoxue Li; Sarah M Scholl; Hilary A Tindle; Stewart J Anderson; Stuart G Ferguson Journal: PLoS One Date: 2014-03-05 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Andrea C Villanti; Amanda L Johnson; Jessica M Rath; Valerie Williams; Donna M Vallone; David B Abrams; Donald Hedeker; Robin J Mermelstein Journal: Addict Behav Date: 2017-02-10 Impact factor: 3.913
Authors: James Russell Pike; Bin Xie; Nasya Tan; Melanie Dee Sabado-Liwag; Annette Orne; Tupou Toilolo; Steven Cen; Vanessa May; Cevadne Lee; Victor Kaiwi Pang; Michelle A Rainer; Dorothy Etimani S Vaivao; Jonathan Tana Lepule; Sora Park Tanjasiri; Paula Healani Palmer Journal: JMIR Mhealth Uhealth Date: 2016-01-07 Impact factor: 4.773
Authors: Nathan Gale; Michael McEwan; Oscar M Camacho; George Hardie; Christopher J Proctor; James Murphy Journal: Intern Emerg Med Date: 2021-07-01 Impact factor: 3.397