Recommendations of generic names in Diaporthales competing for protection or use.

In advancing to one name for fungi, this paper treats generic names competing for use in the order Diaporthales (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes) and makes a recommendation for the use or protection of one generic name among synonymous names that may be either sexually or asexually typified. A table is presented that summarizes these recommendations. Among the genera most commonly encountered in this order, Cytospora is recommended over Valsa and Diaporthe over Phomopsis. New combinations are introduced for the oldest epithet of important species in the recommended genus. These include Amphiporthe tiliae, Coryneum lanciforme, Cytospora brevispora, C. ceratosperma, C. cinereostroma, C. eugeniae, C. fallax, C. myrtagena, Diaporthe amaranthophila, D. annonacearum, D. bougainvilleicola, D. caricae-papayae, D. cocoina, D. cucurbitae, D. juniperivora, D. leptostromiformis, D. pterophila, D. theae, D. vitimegaspora, Mastigosporella georgiana, Pilidiella angustispora, P. calamicola, P. pseudogranati, P. stromatica, and P. terminaliae.

INTRODUCTION

The order Diaporthales includes 12 families with about 50 genera. In moving to one name for fungi in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (ICN; McNeill ), two or more genera typified by a sexual or asexual morph may compete for use. Many genera in Diaporthales are known primarily from their sexual morphs and do not have competing generic names for their asexual morphs and vice versa; these are not considered here. A number of resources were consulted in order to find competing pairs of generic names in the order, including Wijayawardene and the USDA SMML Fungal Databases (url: http://nt.ars-grin.gov/sbmlweb/fungi/index.cfm). The procedure for determining whether two genera are synonyms based on their type species and the factors that were reviewed in considering which genus to recommend for use or protection are outlined in Johnston . In that paper recommendations are made for competing genera in Leotiomycetes.

Following are recommendations for generic names in Diaporthales for use or protection when two or more names are synonyms. Although in general this follows the principle of priority, there are situations in which it is advantageous to protect a generic name that does not have priority by date of publication but has commonly been used as explained in Johnston . A synopsis of these recommendations for generic names in Diaporthales is provided in Table 1, which includes a list of competing generic names with the citation and type species. These generic names have been compared with those listed in Kirk . In most cases both names are listed there; in one case the recommended name is not included but it is anticipated that the list will be modified to be consistent with the recommendations proposed here, indeed some of these are already included in the updated online version of that list prepared for IMC10 (http://www.indexfungorum.org/GeneraOfFungi/).

Table 1.

Recommended generic names of Diaporthales among those that compete for use and their synonyms. The recommended generic name is listed in bold; see text for the rationale for these recommendations. For each generic name this list provides the author, its date and place of publication, the type species of the genus, its basionym, their dates of publication, and the currently accepted name, if different. The action required is indicated in the last column such as protection of names that do not have priority.

Accepted genus	Rejected genus	Action required
Amphiporthe Petr., Sydowia 24: 257 (1971); type species A. hranicensis (Petr.) Petr. (1971), basionym: Diaporthe hranicensis Petr. (1914), now Amphiporthe tiliae (Sacc.) Rossman & Castl. (2015)	Amphicytostroma Petr., Annls mycol. 19: 63 (1921); type species A. tiliae (Sacc.) Petr. (1921), basionym: Cytospora tiliae Sacc. (1879), now Amphiporthe tiliae (Sacc.) Rossman & Castl. (2015)	Protect Amphiporthe (1971) over Amphicytostroma (1921)
Apiognomonia Höhn., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 35: 635 (1917); type species A. veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn. (1918), basionym: Laestadia veneta Sacc. & Speg. (1878)	Discula Sacc., Syll. Fung. 3: 674 (1884); lectotype species: D. quercina (Cooke) Sacc. (1884), basionym: Discella quercina Cooke (1883), now Apiognomonia errabunda (Roberge ex Desm.) Höhn. (1918), basionym Sphaeria errabunda Roberge ex Desm. (1848)	Protect Apiognomonia (1917) over Discula (1884)
Coryneum Nees, Syst. Pilze: 34. (1816); type species: C. umbonatum Nees (1816)	Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc. Crittogam. Ital. 1: 206 (1863); type species: P. lanciformis (Fr.) Ces. & De Not. (1863), basionym Sphaeria lanciformis Fr. (1818), now Coryneum lanciforme (Fr.) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch (2015)	Use Coryneum (1816) rather than Pseudovalsa (1863)
Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. Fung. 17: 783 (1905), basionym: Nectria subgen. Cryphonectria Sacc. (1883); conserved type species: Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr (1978), basionym Diaporthe parasitica Murrill (1906)	Endothiella Sacc., Annls mycol. 4: 273 (1906); type species: E. gyrosa Sacc. (1906), now Cryphonecria decipiens Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. (2009) non C. gyrosa (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. & D. Sacc. (1905)	Use Cryphonectria (1905) rather than Endothiella (1906)
Cryptosporella Sacc., Michelia 1: 30 (1877); lectotype species C. hypodermia (Fr.) Sacc. (1877), basionym: Sphaeria hypodermia Fr. (1823)	Disculina Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. Abt. 1. 125: 104 (1916); type species: D. neesii (Corda) Höhn. (1916), basionym: Cryptosporium neesii Corda (1837), now Cryptosporella suffusa (Fr.) L.C. Mejia & Castl. (2008)	Use Cryptosporella Sacc. (1877) rather than Disculina (1916)
Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol.: 2 (1818): Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 540 (1823); designated type species: C. chrysosperma Pers. (1818)	Valsa Fr., Syst. Orbis. Veg.: 107 (1825); lectotype species V. ambiens (Pers.) Fr. (1849), basionym Sphaeria ambiens Pers. (1801), now Cytospora leucosperma (Pers.) Fr. (1823), basionym Naemaspora leucosperma Pers. (1796)	Use Cytospora (1818) rather than Valsa (1825), Valsella (1870), Leucostoma (1917), Valseutypella (1919), or Leucocytospora (1927).
	Valsella Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 203 (1870); type species: Valsella salicis Fuckel (1870), now Cytospora fertilis Sacc. (1884)
	Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 35: 637 (1917), basionym: Valsa subg. Leucostoma Nitschke (1870); type species: L. massarianum (De Not.) Höhn. (1917), basionym: Valsa massariana De Not. (1863), now Cytospora massariana Sacc. (1884)
	Valseutypella Höhn., Annls mycol. 16: 224 (1919); type species: V. tristicha (De Not.) Höhn. (1919)
	Leucocytospora (Höhn.) Höhn., Mitt. bot. Inst. tech. Hochsch. Wien 4(2): 73 (1927), basionym: Cytospora subgen. Leucocytospora Höhn. (1918); type species: L. corni (Westend.) Höhn. (1927), basionym: Cytospora corni Westend. (1890), now Cytospora fallax (Nitschke) G.C. Adams & Rossman (2015).
Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870); type species: D. eres Nitschke (1870), nom. cons. prop. (Rossman et al. 2014)	Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák, Öst. bot. Z. 55: 78 (1905), basionym: Phoma subgen. Phomopsis Sacc. (1884); type species: P. lactucae (Sacc.) Bubák (1905), basionym: Phoma lactucae Sacc. (1880)	Use Diaporthe (1870) rather than Phomopsis (1884)
Endothia Fr., Summa Veg. Scand.: 385 (1849); designated  type species: E. gyrosum (Schwein.) Fr. (1849), basionym: Sphaeria gyrosa Schwein. (1822)	Calopactis Syd. & P. Syd., Annls. mycol. 10: 82 (1912); type species: C. singularis Syd. & P. Syd., now Endothia singularis (Syd.) Shear & N.E. Stevens (1917)	Use Endothia (1849) rather than Calopactis (1912)
Massariovalsa Sacc., Michelia 2: 569 (1882); type species: M. sudans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. (1882), basionym: Massaria sudans Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1876)	Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 27: 575 (1900); type species: M. inquinans Ellis & Everh. (1900), now Massariovalsa sudans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. (1882)	Use Massariovalsa (1882) rather than Melanconiopsis (1900)
Mastigosporella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 123: 135 (1914); type species: M. hyalina (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn. (1914), basionym: Harknessia hyalina Ellis & Everh. (1885)	Wuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett, Can. J. Bot. 68: 2406 (1990); type species: W. georgiana (J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps.) J. Reid & Dowsett (1990), basionym: Gnomoniella georgiana J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps. (1940), now Mastigosporella georgiana (J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps.) Rossman & Crous (2015)	Use Mastigosporella (1914) rather than Wuestneiopsis (1990)
Mazzantia Mont., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 2: 525 (1855); type species M. galii (Fr.) Mont. (1856), basionym: Sphaeria galii Fr. (1828)	Mazzantiella Höhn., Mitt. Bot. Lab. TH Wien 2: 61 (1925); designated type species: M. sepium (Brunaud) Höhn. (1925), basionym: Placosphaeria sepium Brunaud (1890), now Mazzantia sepium Sacc. & Penz. (1882)	Use Mazzantia (1855) rather than Mazzantiella (1925)
Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. 2: 115 (1863); type species: M. stilbostoma (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. (1863), basionym: Sphaeria stilbostoma Fr. (1817)	Melanconium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 9 (1809); type species: M. atrum Link (1809)	Protect Melanconis (1863) over Melanconium (1832)
Pilidiella Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 42: 462 (1927); type species: P. quercicola (Oudem.) Petr. (1927), basionym Macroplodia quercicola Oudem. (1902)	Schizoparme Shear, Mycologia 15: 120 (1923); type species: S. straminea Shear (1923), now Pilidiella castaneicola (Ellis & Everh.) Arx (1957), basionym Gloeosporium castaneicola Ellis & Everh. (1895)	Protect Pilidiella (1927) over Schizoparme (1923)
Plagiostoma Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. 23–24: 118 (1870); designated type species P. euphorbiae (Fuckel) Fuckel (1870), basionym Sphaeria euphorbiae Fuckel (1860)	Diplodina Westend., Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique, Cl. Sci. ser. 2. 2: 562 (1857); type species: D. salicis Westend. (1857), now Plagiostoma apiculata (Wallr.) L.C. Mejía (2011)	Protect Plagiostoma (1870) over Diplodina (1857), additional synonyms Septomyxa (1884) and Cryptodiaporthe (1921)
	Septomyxa Sacc., Syll. Fung. 3: 766 (1884); type species: Septomyxa aesculi Sacc. (1878), now Plagiostoma aesculi (Fuckel) Sogonov (2008)
	Cryptodiaporthe Petrak, Annls mycol. 19: 118 (1921); lectotype species C. aesculi (Fuckel) Petrak, basionym: Cryptospora aesculi Fuckel (1870), now Plagiostoma aesculi (Fuckel) Sogonov (2008)
Stilbospora Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 93 (1794); type species: S. macrosperma Pers. (1801)	Prosthecium Fresen., Beitr. Mykol. 2: 62 (1852); type species: P. ellipsosporum Fresen. (1852), now Stilbospora macrosperma Pers. (1801)C	Use Stilbospora 1794 rather than Prosthecium (1852

RECOMMENDATIONS

Protect Amphiporthe 1971 over Amphicytostroma 1921

The type species of Amphiporthe, A. hranicensis based on Diaporthe hranicensis, is the sexual morph of the type species of Amphicytostroma, A. tiliae based on Cytospora tiliae, according to Petrak (1921) and Sutton (1980), thus these generic names are synonyms. This species occurs on dead branches of Tilia in Europe (Farr & Rossman 2015). Five names have been described in Amphiporthe while only two names have been included in Amphicytostroma. The second name in Amphicytostroma, A. quercinum based on Gloeosporium quercinum, is the asexual morph of Amphiporthe leiphaemia based on Sphaeria leiphaemia, cause of stem and twig lesions of oak in Europe (Sieber ). Sogonov showed that Amphiporthe hranicensis belongs in Gnomoniaceae while A. castanea and A. leiphaemia are unrelated to A. hranicensis and fall elsewhere in Diaporthales (Zhang & Blackwell 2001; Castlebury, unpubl.); these species should be placed in another genus. Amphiporthe is more widely used than Amphicytospora, thus it seems best to protect Amphiporthe. Both names are included in Kirk , thus it is recommended that Amphicytospora be deleted.

Amphiporthe tiliae (Sacc.) Rossman & Castl., comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812583

Basionym: Cytospora tiliae Sacc., Michelia 1: 519 (1879).

Synonyms: Diaporthe hranicensis Petr., Annls mycol. 12: 477 (1914).

Amphiporthe hranicensis (Petr.) Petr., Sydowia 24: 257 (1971).

Protect Apiognomonia 1917 over Discula 1884

The genus Apiognomonia has recently been well-defined including five species (Sogonov ) based on the type species, A. veneta, which had previously been distinguished from A. errabunda (Sogonov ). The lectotype species of Discula, D. quercina, now considered a synonym of D. umbrinella (Sutton 1980), is the asexual morph of Apiognomonia errabunda; thus Apiognomonia and Discula are synonyms. Apiognomonia errabunda is the cause of anthracnose of oak and various hardwood trees (Boewe , Neely & Himelick1967, Hepting 1971, Sinclair , Hibben & Daughtrey 1988). The concept of the genus Discula has never been clearly defined with species having diverse affinities in Gnomoniaceae. A number of species placed in Discula have been linked with species of Ophiognomonia (Sogonov , Walker ). The cause of dogwood anthracnose in North America, Discula destructiva, is not congeneric with the type of Discula nor does it group with Ophiognomonia (Sogonov ). Given the ill-defined concept of Discula and that a number of species are now linked with the genus Ophiognomonia, we recommend the protection and use of Apiognomonia. Both names are listed in Kirk , thus it is recommended that Discula be deleted.

Use Coryneum 1816 rather than Pseudovalsa 1863

The type species of Coryneum, C. umbonatum, is the asexual morph of Pseudovalsa longipes, while the type species of Pseudovalsa, P. lanciformis, is considered the sexual morph of Coryneum brachyurum (Sutton 1975). Assuming that P. lanciformis and P. longipes are congeneric, then Coryneum and Pseudovalsa are synonyms. Sutton (1975) monographed Coryneum and accepted 19 species, referring many additional names to other genera. Many of the commonly reported plant pathogenic species previously known as Coryneum have now been placed in other genera such as Seiridium cardinale (syn. Coryneum cardinale), cause of cypress canker (Danti , Sutton & Gibson 1972), and Thyrostroma carpophilum (syn. Coryneum carpophilum, Stigmina carpophila, and Coryneum beyerinckii), cause of shot-hole disease of Rosaceae (Sutton 1997, Tovar-Pedraza ). Although 68 names have been described in Pseudovalsa and three important species have been shown to group together (de Silva ), many species of Pseudovalsa are now placed in other genera. These two genera are about equal in the number of currently accepted species and a monograph of Coryneum exists, thus it seems advisable to use the earliest name, Coryneum. Among the species of Coryneum known to have Pseudovalsa sexual morphs, only one requires a name change. Both generic names are listed in Kirk thus it is recommended that Pseudovalsa be deleted.

Coryneum lanciforme (Fr.) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812584

Basionym: Sphaeria lanciformis Fr.,Observ. mycol. 2: 324 (1818).

Synonyms: Pseudovalsa lanciformis(Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 206 (1863).

Coryneum brachyurum Link,in Willdenow, Sp. pl., 4th edn 6(2): 124 (1825).

Use Cryphonectria 1905 rather than Endothiella 1906

The generic name Cryphonectria was recently conserved with the type species, C. parasitica (Gryzenhout ), widely known as the cause of chestnut blight in North America (Anagnostakis 1987). Many additional species of Cryphonectria have been discovered on woody plants in both temperate and tropical regions (Gryzenhout ). The generic name Endothiella based on the type species, E. gyrosa, is now placed in Cryphonectria as C. decipiens (Gryzenhout ). Endothiella has been used for the asexual morphs of species of Cryphonectria. Given the widespread use of the name Cryphonectria and its priority, this name is recommended for use. Both names are included in Kirk thus it is recommended that Endothiella be deleted.

Use Cryptosporella rather than Disculina 1916

The genus Cryptosporella, based on the type species C. hypodermia, has recently been monographed by Mejia , 2011b) and includes 19 species. The genus Disculina is based on D. neesii, regarded as D. vulgaris by Sutton (1980), who considered it the asexual morph of Ophiovalsa suffusa, now placed in Cryptosporella as C. suffusa (Mejia ). Thus, Cryptosporella and Disculina are synonyms. Given that Cryptosporella has priority and has been recently monographed, while Disculina includes only six names, we recommend the use of Cryptosporella. Both names are included in Kirk thus it is recommended that Disculina be deleted.

Use Cytospora 1818 rather than Valsa 1825, Valsella 1870, Leucostoma 1917, Valseutypella 1919, or Leucocytospora 1927

Numerous diseases of woody plants including those of economic importance are caused by species of the asexual genus Cytospora and its sexual counterpart Valsa and related genera Leucocytospora, Leucostoma, Valsella, and Valseutypella. The type species of Cytospora, C. chrysosperma as clarified by Donk (1964), is the asexual morph of Valsa sordida and commonly causes cankers on members of Salicaceae (Callan 1998). The type species of Valsa, V. ambiens, is linked with C. leucosperma (Spielman 1985, Hayova & Minter 1998). There is no question that these generic names are synonyms as their type species are congeneric. Both names have been widely used. At present 562 names have been described in Cytospora, while Valsa includes 875 names. Given that Cytospora is the oldest name and that several recent accounts of Cytospora species have been published (Adams 2005, Fotouhifar , Fan ), it seems best to use the generic name that has priority, namely Cytospora. The genus Valsella is based on V. salicis, now considered a synonym of Cytospora fertilis. An isolate of V. salicis grouped with others species now considered Cytospora (Castlebury ). The type species of Leucostoma, L. massarianum, falls within the genus Cytospora (Adams , 2005) near Cytospora mali and C. persoonii and thus Leucostoma is also a synonym of Cytospora. Adams listed Leucocytospora as a synonym of Cytospora although the type species of L. corni was not included in the study. Leucostoma and Leucocytospora were described for species similar to Cytospora and Valsa that have a whitish ring around the ostiole. This characteristic occurs in many species of Cytospora scattered throughout the genus (Castlebury , Adams ). The type species of Valseutypella, V. tristicha on Rosa spp., was also determined to fall within Cytospora based on molecular sequence data (Castlebury, unpubl.) and as suggested by Hubbes (1960) who described the asexual morph. No molecular data exist to support segregate genera within Cytospora, thus these generic names are all considered synonyms of Cytospora. Cytospora as well as Leucostoma, Valsa, Valsella, and Valseutypella are included in Kirk while Leucocytospora is not. It is recommended that Leucostoma, Valsa, Valsella and Valseutypella be deleted.

Many names previously recognized in Valsa already have an older epithet in Cytospora with the correct scientific names presented in the SMML Fungal Databases (http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/). New names for the common species of Cytospora previously placed in Valsa are provided here:

Cytospora brevispora (G.C. Adams & Jol. Roux) G.C. Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812485

Basionym: Valsa brevispora G.C. Adams & Jol. Roux, Stud. Mycol. 52: 91 (2005).

Cytospora ceratosperma (Tode) G.C. Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812486

Basionym: Sphaeria ceratosperma Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. 2: 53 (1791).

Valsa ceratosperma (Tode) Maire, Publ. Inst. Bot. Barcelona 3(4): 20 (1937).

Cytospora cinereostroma (G.C. Adams & M.J. Wingf.) G.C. Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812488

Basionym: Valsa cinereostroma G.C. Adams & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 52: 73 (2005).

Cytospora eugeniae (Nutman & F.M. Roberts) G.C. Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB 812489

Basionym: Valsa eugeniae Nutman & F.M. Roberts, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 36: 229 (1953).

Cytospora fallax (Nitschke) G.C. Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812490

Basionym: Valsa fallax Nitschke, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23-24: 200 (1870).

Cytospora myrtagena (G.C. Adams & M.J. Wingf.) G.C. Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812491

Basionym: Valsa myrtagena G.C. Adams & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 52: 97 (2005).

Use Diaporthe 1870 rather than Phomopsis 1884

Species in both Diaporthe and Phomopsis have been used for fungi that cause canker diseases of woody plants such as D. citri, cause of citrus melanose (Mondal ), D. sojae, cause of pod and stem blight of soybean (Udayanga ), and D. vaccinii, cause of blueberry and cranberry twig blight (Friend & Boone 1968, Milholland & Daykin 1983, Oudemans ), as well as endophytes in herbaceous and woody plants (Castlebury ). When most names of Diaporthe or Phomopsis were described, species in these genera were considered to be host specific. However, recent studies using molecular data have shown that, while a few species are host-specific, many others have a broad host range. Most species of Diaporthe can be identified only through the use of molecular sequences (Udayanga , b). About 1000 names have been described in each genus including many that are sexual and asexual morphs of the same species.

Recently the type species of Diaporthe, D. eres, has been carefully circumscribed (Udayanga ) and this name is conserved against 21 obscure earlier names (Rossman ). The type species of Phomopsis, P. lactucae, has not been as clearly defined but there is no doubt that it is congeneric with Diaporthe and that Diaporthe and Phomopsis are synonyms. Diaporthe and Phomopsis have been used about equally, thus, it seems best to use the name that has priority, Diaporthe. Diaporthe but not Phomopsis is listed in Kirk ).

Determining the correct name for species of Diaporthe is difficult considering that names in both genera must be taken into account and defining old names is nearly impossible. Due to the lack of distinct morphological characteristics, examination of type specimens is only marginally useful. In his monograph of Diaporthe, Wehmeyer (1933) listed many synonyms under each of the species that he recognized. As in the case of D. eres, some of these names are older. Many names previously recognized in Phomopsis already have an older epithet in Diaporthe with the correct scientific names presented in the SMML Fungal Databases (http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/). However, a number of the most important and some recently described names in Phomopsis are here transferred to Diaporthe.

Diaporthe amaranthophila(Inácio et al) Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812492

Basionym: Phomopsis amaranthophila Inácio et al., Fitopatol. Brasil. 24: 185 (1999).

Synonym: Phomopsis amaranthicola Rosskopf et al., Mycologia 92: 117 (2000); nom. inval. (Art. 40.3).

Diaporthe annonacearum (Bond.-Mont.) Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812493

Basionym: Phomopsis annonacearum Bond.-Mont., Acta Inst. bot. Komarov. Acad. Sci., Pl. Crypt, ser. 2 3: 721 (1936).

Diaporthe bougainvilleicola (M.M. Xiang et al.) Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812494

Basionym: Phomopsis bougainvilleicola M.M. Xiang et al., Mycosystema 22: 516 (2003).

Diaporthe caricae-papayae (Petr. & Cif.) Rossman & Udayanaga, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812495

Basionym: Phomopsis caricae-papayae Petr. & Cif., Annls mycol. 28: 412 (1930).

Diaporthe cocoina (Cooke) Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812496

Basionym: Phoma cocoina Cooke, Grevillea 5: 101 (1877).

Synonyms: Phomopsis cocoina (Cooke) Punith., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 64: 435 (1975).

Phyllosticta cocos Cooke, Grevillea 8: 94 (1880).

Diaporthe cucurbitae (McKeen) Udayanga & Castl., comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812623

Basionym: Phomopsis cucurbitae McKeen, Canad. J. Bot. 35: 46. (1957).

This new combination was published in Udayanga et al. (2015) but without a registration number, so was not validly published there (Art. 42,1).

Diaporthe juniperivora (G.G. Hahn) Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.”

MycoBank MB812497

Basionym: Phomopsis juniperivora G.G. Hahn, Phytopathology 10: 249 (1920).

Diaporthe leptostromiformis (J.G. Kühn) Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812498

Basionym: Cryptosporium leptostromiforme J.G. Kühn, Ber. physiol. Lab. Versuch. landw. Inst. Univ. Halle: [1] (1880).

Synonyms: Phomopsis leptostromiformis (J.G. Kühn) Bubák, Danish Fungi: 422 (1913).

Diaporthe woodii Punith., Mycol. Pap. 136: 51 (1974).

Diaporthe pterophila (Nitschke ex Fuckel) Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812508

Basionym: Sphaeria pterophila Nitschke ex Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 377 (1870).

Synonyms: Phomopsis pterophila (Nitschke ex Fuckel) Died., Annls mycol. 9: 28 (1911).

Diaporthe samaricola W. Phillips & Plowr., Grevillea 3: 126 (1875).

Diaporthe theae (Petch) Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812499

Basionym: Phomopsis theae Petch, Ann. R. bot. Gdns Peradeniya 9: 324 (1925).

Diaporthe vitimegaspora (K.C. Kuo & L.S. Leu) Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812500

Basionym: Phomopsis vitimegaspora K.C. Kuo & L.S. Leu, Mycotaxon 66: 498 (1998).

Synonym: Diaporthe kyushuensis Kajitani & Kanem., Mycoscience 41: 112 (2000).

Use Endothia 1849 rather than Calopactis 1912

The type species of Endothia, E. gyrosa, and the monotype species of Calopactis, C. singularis, were shown to be congeneric by Gryzenhout (2009) who recognized C. singularis as the asexual morph of E. singularis. A number of diseases are caused by species of Endothia such as stem and twig canker of chestnut caused by E. singularis (Sung & Han 1986). Given the widespread use of the name Endothia with 32 names and its priority over Calopactis with only one name, use of Endothia is recommended. Endothia but not Calopactis is included in Kirk ).

Use Massariovalsa 1882 rather than Melanconiopsis 1900

The type species of Massariovalsa, M. sudans, is considered the sexual morph of Melanconiopsis inquinans, type species of Melanconiopsis (Wehmeyer 1939), thus these congeneric names are synonyms. Five names are included in Massariovalsa while eight fungi have been described in Melanconiopsis, some of which also have names in Massariovalsa. Suarez discussed the disposition of three names in Melanconiopsis placing two of them in Endomelanconium. These generic names have been used about equally in the literature, referring primarily to Massariovalsa sudans (syn. Melanconiopsis inquinans). Neither genus has been recently monographed or studied using molecular data. Given the lack of rationale for using Melanconiopsis and the lack of molecular data regarding the placement of species in either genus, the principle of priority should be followed, thus it is recommended that Massariovalsa be used. Both Massariovalsa and Melanconiopsis are listed in Kirk ), thus it is recommended that Melanconiopsis be deleted.

Use Mastigosporella 1914 rather than Wuestneiopsis 1990

The type species of Mastigosporella, M. hyalina, is considered to be the asexual morph of Wuestneiopsis quercifolia (as Dicarpella quercifolia) (Barr 1979, Nag Raj 1981). The generic type of Wuestneiopsis is W. georgiana. Both of these Wuestneiopsis names were placed in the illegitimate later homonym Dicarpella Syd. & P. Syd. 1921 non Bory 1824 by Reid & Dowsett (1990). Given that the type species of Mastigosporella and Wuestneiopsis were considered to be congeneric by Barr (1978) and that Reid & Dowsett (1990) suggested that W. georgiana may have a Mastigosporella asexual morph, these genera appear to compete for synonymy. The genus Mastigosporella containing two species was monographed by Nag Raj (1981) with another species, M. anisophylleae, added recently by Crous . Nag Raj (1981) examined the holotype of W. georgiana (as Dicarpella georgiana), which he considered to be the sexual morph of M. nyssae. Given that Mastigosporella is more widely used and has priority, use of Mastigosporella is recommended. Both Mastigosporella and Wuestneiopsis are listed in Kirk ), thus Wuestneiopsis should be deleted. One new combination is needed.

Mastigosporella georgiana (J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps.) Rossman & Crous, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812501

Basionym: Gnomoniella georgiana J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps., Mycologia 32: 8 (1940).

Synonyms: Wuestneiopsis georgiana (J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps.) J. Reid & Dowsett, Canad. J. Bot. 68: 2406 (1990).

Mastigosporella nyssae Nag Raj & Di Cosmo, Biblthca Mycol. 80: 57 (1981).

Use Mazzantia 1855 rather than Mazzantiella 1925

The generic name for the sexual morph Mazzantia, based on M. galii, has been widely used and this genus includes 27 names. Mazzantia galii has been included in molecular studies of Diaporthales as a sister group for Diaporthe (Udayanga ). Mazzantiella, based on M. sepium, was described as the asexual morph of Mazzantia sepia, thus these type species are most likely congeneric. Each of the three names in Mazzantiella has a sexual morph name in Mazzantia, thus no name changes are required if Mazzantia is maintained. Given the greater use of Mazzantia, its priority, and the lack of required name changes, use of Mazzantia is recommended. Mazzantia but not Mazzantiella is listed in Kirk ).

Protect Melanconis 1863 over Melanconium 1832

Recently an account was provided of the type species of Melanconis, M. stilbostoma (Voglmayr ) in distinguishing Melanconis from Melanconiella. The concept of Melanconium based on the type species, M. atrum, remains obscure with many species placed in other genera such as Arthrinium, Greeneria, and Harknessia. Conidial size and morphology of the lectotype specimen of Melanconium atrum is similar to Melanconis alni, but the latter is specific to Alnus and not known from Fagus, the host given for M. atrum; the true identity of M. atrum remains obscure (Voglmayr ). Although more names exist in Melanconium, these generic names are reported in about equal numbers. Given the confusion surrounding Melanconium and the well-defined concept of Melanconis, we recommend that Melanconis be protected over Melanconium. Both generic names are listed in Kirk .

Protect Pilidiella 1927 over Schizoparme 1923

The type species of Pilidiella, P. quercicola, is congeneric with the type species of Schizoparme, S. straminea, which is the sexual morph of Pilidiella castaneicola (van Niekerk ). Species of the asexual Pilidiella have been more widely reported than those of the sexually typified Schizoparme (Samuels , Farr & Rossman 2015). Sixteen names exist in Pilidiella while only nine species of Schizoparme have been described, three of which already have names in Pilidiella. With the use of Pilidiella five species must be transferred from Schizoparme. However, more name changes would result if the name Schizoparme were used. Species of Pilidiella and the closely related but distinct genus Coniella are commonly encountered in plant-associated environments while the sexual morph Schizoparme is rarely reported, thus we recommend the use of Pilidiella. A number of diseases are caused by Pilidiella, including foliage blight of quaresmeira (Tibouchina granulosa) in Brazil caused by P. tibouchinae (Miranda ), and crown and stem rot of pomegranate (Punica granati) caused by P. granati (Celiker ). Pilidiella is not listed in Kirk ) and should be added while Schizoparme should be deleted.

Pilidiella angustispora (Samuels et al.) Rossman & Crous, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812502

Basionym: Schizoparme angustispora Samuels et al,, Mycotaxon 46: 465 (1993).

Pilidiella calamicola (J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde) Rossman & Crous, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812503

Basionym: Schizoparme calamicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, Palm Microfungi: 255 (2000).

Pilidiella pseudogranati (Crous) Rossman & Crous, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812504

Basionym: Schizoparme pseudogranati Crous, Persoonia 32: 219 (2014).

Pilidiella stromatica (Samuels et al.) Rossman & Crous, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812505

Basionym: Schizoparme stromatica Samuels et al., Mycotaxon 46: 474 (1993). 1993

Pilidiella terminaliae (Samuels et al.) Rossman & Crous, comb. nov.

MycoBank MB812506

Basionym: Schizoparme terminaliae Samuels et al., Mycotaxon 46: 478 (1993).

Protect Plagiostoma 1870 over Diplodina 1857, and the additional synonyms Septomyxa 1884 and Cryptodiaporthe 1921

The type species of Plagiostoma, P. euphorbiae, has served as the basis for a monographic account of this genus (Mejia ) including a number of plant pathogens such as P. populinumm, cause of bark necrosis of white poplar (Melnik & Zarudnaya 2008). The type species of Diplodina, D. salicis, is considered a synonym of D. microsperma by Sutton (1980), the asexual morph of Plagiostoma apiculata (Mejia ); thus Diplodina and Plagiostoma are synonyms. Although Diplodina includes several hundred names, these names have been placed in diverse genera, such as Ascochyta, Discella, Microdiplodia, and Phloeospora, suggesting that the concept of Diplodina is poorly defined. The concept of Plagiostoma, however, is well-defined, and there are two recent monographic works on the genus including many new species (Mejia , Walker ). These accounts suggest that the protection of this generic name is warranted, which would prevent a significant number of name changes. The type species of Septomyxa, S. aesculi, and Cryptodiaporthe, C. aesculi, are both regarded as Plagiostoma aesculi (Mejia ), thus those later generic names are synonyms of Plagiostoma. Sutton (1977) listed six additional generic synonyms of Diplodina but this synonymy could not be confirmed. Plagiostoma, Cryptodiaporthe, and Diplodina, but not Septomyxa, are listed in Kirk ), thus Cryptodiaporthe and Diplodina should be deleted.

Use Stilbospora 1794 rather than Prosthecium 1852

The type species of Stilbospora, S. macrosperma, is the name applied to the asexual morph of the type species of Prosthecium, P. ellipsosporum; thus these generic names are synonyms (Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2014). At present 26 names have been described in Prosthecium, while 85 names were placed in Stilbospora; however, most names in Prosthecium and Stilbospora should most likely be excluded from both of these genera (Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2014). Stilbospora appears to be more widely used, has priority, and has recently been monographed with three accepted species (Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2014). In addition, many species of Prosthecium were redisposed in Stilbospora and Stegonsporium (Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2008). Stilbospora appears to be more widely used, has priority, and has recently been monographed (Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2014); thus, we recommend the use of Stilbospora. Both names are included in Kirk ), and Prosthecium should therefore be deleted.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Hermann Voglmayr acknowledges financial support by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF; project P27645-B16).