Olivia Keiser1, Nello Blaser, Mary-Ann Davies, Patrick Wessa, Brian Eley, Harry Moultrie, Helena Rabie, Karl-Günther Technau, James Ndirangu, Daniela Garone, Janet Giddy, Ashraf Grimwood, Thomas Gsponer, Matthias Egger. 1. From the *Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Switzerland; †School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; ‡Leuven Institute for Research on Information Systems, KU Leuven, Belgium; §Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; ¶Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; ‖Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; **Empilweni Services and Research Unit (Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Johannesburg) and University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; ††Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; ‡‡Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) South Africa, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa; §§Sinikithemba Clinic, McCord Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; and ¶¶Kheth'Impilo, Cape Town, South Africa.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication in HIV-infected children. The growth of virologically suppressed children on ART has not been well documented. We aimed to develop dynamic reference curves for weight-for-age Z scores (WAZ) and height-for-age Z scores (HAZ). METHODS: Children aged <11 years at ART initiation with continuously undetectable viral loads (<400 copies/mL) treated at 7 South African ART programs with routine viral load monitoring were included. We used multilevel models to define trajectories of WAZ and HAZ up to 3 years and developed a web application to monitor trajectories in individual children. RESULTS: A total of 4876 children were followed for 7407 person-years. Analyses were stratified by baseline Z scores and age, which were the most important predictors of growth response. The youngest children showed the most pronounced increase in weight and height initially but catch-up growth stagnated after 1-2 years. Three years after starting ART, WAZ ranged from -2.2 [95% prediction interval (PrI), -5.6 to 0.8] in children with baseline age >5 years and Z score less than -3 to 0.0 (95% PrI, -2.7 to 2.4) in children with baseline age <2 years and WAZ greater than -1. For HAZ, the corresponding range was -2.3 (95% PrI, -4.9 to 0.3) in children with baseline age >5 years and Z score less than -3 to 0.3 (95% PrI, -3.1 to 3.4) in children with baseline age 2-5 years and HAZ greater than -1. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed an online tool to calculate reference trajectories in fully suppressed children. The web application could help to define "optimal" growth response and identify children with treatment failure.
BACKGROUND: Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication in HIV-infectedchildren. The growth of virologically suppressed children on ART has not been well documented. We aimed to develop dynamic reference curves for weight-for-age Z scores (WAZ) and height-for-age Z scores (HAZ). METHODS:Children aged <11 years at ART initiation with continuously undetectable viral loads (<400 copies/mL) treated at 7 South African ART programs with routine viral load monitoring were included. We used multilevel models to define trajectories of WAZ and HAZ up to 3 years and developed a web application to monitor trajectories in individual children. RESULTS: A total of 4876 children were followed for 7407 person-years. Analyses were stratified by baseline Z scores and age, which were the most important predictors of growth response. The youngest children showed the most pronounced increase in weight and height initially but catch-up growth stagnated after 1-2 years. Three years after starting ART, WAZ ranged from -2.2 [95% prediction interval (PrI), -5.6 to 0.8] in children with baseline age >5 years and Z score less than -3 to 0.0 (95% PrI, -2.7 to 2.4) in children with baseline age <2 years and WAZ greater than -1. For HAZ, the corresponding range was -2.3 (95% PrI, -4.9 to 0.3) in children with baseline age >5 years and Z score less than -3 to 0.3 (95% PrI, -3.1 to 3.4) in children with baseline age 2-5 years and HAZ greater than -1. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed an online tool to calculate reference trajectories in fully suppressed children. The web application could help to define "optimal" growth response and identify children with treatment failure.
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