Mental health in Dutch adolescents: self-reported competencies and problems for ages 11-18.

Beside parents and teachers, adolescents themselvess may be valuable informants about their own psychological functioning. The present study, which provides prevalence data on behavioral/emotional problems and competencies reported by adolescents aged 11-18 from the general population, was preceded by two studies providing such data for parent and teacher reported problems. The instrument used in the present study is the Youth Self Report (YSR) developed by Achenbach and Edelbrock to obtain adolescents' self-reports on their problems and competencies in a standardized way. YSRs completed by 52 adolescents on two occasions with a time-interval of 3-4 weeks revealed test-retest reliability expressed as intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.87 for total problem scores and 0.69 for total competence scores. The YSR was completed by 941 adolescents aged 11-18 from the general population. For each of the 103 problem items and 17 competence items, the prevalence rates were presented graphically for both genders in two-year age-groups. To identify differences related to sex, age and socio-economic status (SES), ANCOVAs were performed on the scores for each problem and competence item as well as on total problem and total competence scores. Whereas the level of problem scores was the same across the 11-18 years age-span, girls obtained higher total problem scores with increasing age. Younger girls scored lower and older girls scored somewhat higher than boys. Implications of these findings with respect to sex differences in referral rates for children and adults are discussed. The increase with increasing age in self-reports of problems concerning inner feelings and thoughts may reflect the adolescent's change in cognitive, socio-emotional and physical functioning. We could not demonstrate significant SES differences in problem scores. Comparisons of problem scores obtained for referred and nonreferred adolescents revealed a correct classification rate of 73.6%, which seems satisfactory given the fact that parents rather than the adolescent usually initiate referrals. Comparisons of problem item scores in ANCOVAs of referred and nonreferred samples revealed significant referral status effects for 68 of the 103 problem items, with referred adolescents scoring higher than nonreferred adolescents. The largest effect of referral status was found for the item "Nervous". The third largest effect was obtained for the item "Unhappy, sad, depressed", which also showed strong discrimination between parent scores for referred and nonreferred samples. Competence scores showed much weaker discrimination between referred and nonreferred groups.