Jacqueline Hayes1, Ivan Leudar2. 1. The Anna Freud Centre/University College London, UK. 2. The University of Manchester, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: We document the properties of experiences of continued presence (ECPs) helping to resolve controversies about their significance. METHOD: We used qualitative methods in data collection and analysis. This enabled us to document the properties of ECPs. Narrative biographic interviews were carried out with 17 bereaved informants, and conversation analysis was used to identify the sources of meaning and functions of these experiences. RESULTS: Our informants heard voices of the deceased, saw their images, felt their touch, and sometimes felt their presence unspecified in any of the senses. Analysis revealed that ECPs were meaningfully connected to the immediate environments in which they happened but also to the personal histories of the bereaved. The narratives reveal helpful and destructive potentials of these experiences. In all cases, the functions relied on the relationship with the deceased. CONCLUSIONS: The authors warn against oversimplification of ECPs, as significantly contrasting practical consequences commonly occurred within as well as between cases. The findings support the use of talking therapies based on personal meanings to help those disturbed by their experiences of presence. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Practitioners should not assume that ECPs are signs of pathology - often they have healing consequences. Where ECPs cause distress, the problem is likely to concern relationship difficulties with the deceased. Therapists can help clients with distressing ECPs by working on the relationship with the deceased.
OBJECTIVES: We document the properties of experiences of continued presence (ECPs) helping to resolve controversies about their significance. METHOD: We used qualitative methods in data collection and analysis. This enabled us to document the properties of ECPs. Narrative biographic interviews were carried out with 17 bereaved informants, and conversation analysis was used to identify the sources of meaning and functions of these experiences. RESULTS: Our informants heard voices of the deceased, saw their images, felt their touch, and sometimes felt their presence unspecified in any of the senses. Analysis revealed that ECPs were meaningfully connected to the immediate environments in which they happened but also to the personal histories of the bereaved. The narratives reveal helpful and destructive potentials of these experiences. In all cases, the functions relied on the relationship with the deceased. CONCLUSIONS: The authors warn against oversimplification of ECPs, as significantly contrasting practical consequences commonly occurred within as well as between cases. The findings support the use of talking therapies based on personal meanings to help those disturbed by their experiences of presence. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Practitioners should not assume that ECPs are signs of pathology - often they have healing consequences. Where ECPs cause distress, the problem is likely to concern relationship difficulties with the deceased. Therapists can help clients with distressing ECPs by working on the relationship with the deceased.
Authors: Johanna C Badcock; Frank Larøi; Karina Kamp; India Kelsall-Foreman; Romola S Bucks; Michael Weinborn; Marieke Begemann; John-Paul Taylor; Daniel Collerton; John T O'Brien; Mohamad El Haj; Dominic Ffytche; Iris E Sommer Journal: Schizophr Bull Date: 2020-12-01 Impact factor: 9.306
Authors: Karina Stengaard Kamp; Edith Maria Steffen; Ben Alderson-Day; Paul Allen; Anne Austad; Jacqueline Hayes; Frank Larøi; Matthew Ratcliffe; Pablo Sabucedo Journal: Schizophr Bull Date: 2020-12-01 Impact factor: 9.306