Ravikanth Velagapudi1, Gina Baco1, Sunjeet Khela1, Uchechukwu Okorji1, Olumayokun Olajide2. 1. Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK. 2. Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK. o.a.olajide@hud.ac.uk.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Pomegranate fruit, Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), and its constituents have been shown to inhibit inflammation. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of freeze-dried pomegranate (PWE) on PGE2 production in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. METHODS: An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to measure prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from supernatants of IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. Expression of COX-2, phospho-IκB, and phospho-IKK proteins was evaluated, while NF-κB reporter gene assay was carried out in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells to determine the effect of PWE on NF-κB transactivation. Levels of BACE-1 and Aβ in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β were measured with an in cell ELISA. RESULTS: PWE (25-200 μg/ml) dose dependently reduced COX-2-dependent PGE2 production in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β. Phosphorylation of IκB and IKK was significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited by PWE (50-200 μg/ml). Our studies also show that PWE (50-200 μg/ml) significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited NF-κB transactivation in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells. Furthermore, PWE inhibited BACE-1 and Aβ expression in SK-N-SH cells treated with IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our study demonstrates that pomegranate inhibits inflammation, as well as amyloidogenesis in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. We propose that pomegranate is a potential nutritional strategy in slowing the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
PURPOSE:Pomegranate fruit, Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), and its constituents have been shown to inhibit inflammation. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of freeze-dried pomegranate (PWE) on PGE2 production in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. METHODS: An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to measure prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from supernatants of IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. Expression of COX-2, phospho-IκB, and phospho-IKK proteins was evaluated, while NF-κB reporter gene assay was carried out in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells to determine the effect of PWE on NF-κB transactivation. Levels of BACE-1 and Aβ in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β were measured with an in cell ELISA. RESULTS: PWE (25-200 μg/ml) dose dependently reduced COX-2-dependent PGE2 production in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β. Phosphorylation of IκB and IKK was significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited by PWE (50-200 μg/ml). Our studies also show that PWE (50-200 μg/ml) significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited NF-κB transactivation in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells. Furthermore, PWE inhibited BACE-1 and Aβ expression in SK-N-SH cells treated with IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our study demonstrates that pomegranate inhibits inflammation, as well as amyloidogenesis in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. We propose that pomegranate is a potential nutritional strategy in slowing the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Authors: S Sinha; J P Anderson; R Barbour; G S Basi; R Caccavello; D Davis; M Doan; H F Dovey; N Frigon; J Hong; K Jacobson-Croak; N Jewett; P Keim; J Knops; I Lieberburg; M Power; H Tan; G Tatsuno; J Tung; D Schenk; P Seubert; S M Suomensaari; S Wang; D Walker; J Zhao; L McConlogue; V John Journal: Nature Date: 1999-12-02 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: G P Lim; F Yang; T Chu; P Chen; W Beech; B Teter; T Tran; O Ubeda; K H Ashe; S A Frautschy; G M Cole Journal: J Neurosci Date: 2000-08-01 Impact factor: 6.167