| Literature DB >> 26154552 |
Sandrigo Mangini1, Bárbara Rubim Alves1, Odílson Marcos Silvestre2, Philippe Vieira Pires1, Lucas José Tachotti Pires1, Milena Novaes Cardoso Curiati1, Fernando Bacal1.
Abstract
Heart transplantation is currently the definitive gold standard surgical approach in the treatment of refractory heart failure. However, the shortage of donors limits the achievement of a greater number of heart transplants, in which the use of mechanical circulatory support devices is increasing. With well-established indications and contraindications, as well as diagnosis and treatment of rejection through defined protocols of immunosuppression, the outcomes of heart transplantation are very favorable. Among early complications that can impact survival are primary graft failure, right ventricular dysfunction, rejection, and infections, whereas late complications include cardiac allograft vasculopathy and neoplasms. Despite the difficulties for heart transplantation, in particular, the shortage of donors and high mortality while on the waiting list, in Brazil, there is a great potential for both increasing effective donors and using circulatory assist devices, which can positively impact the number and outcomes of heart transplants.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26154552 PMCID: PMC4943829 DOI: 10.1590/S1679-45082015RW3154
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Einstein (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 1679-4508
Indications and contraindications for heart transplant
| Indications | Contraindications |
|---|---|
| Refractory HF while using inotropics or VAD | Pulmonary hypertension (PVR > 5 Wood units) |
| Persisting functional classes III or IV | Severe cerebrovascular diseases |
| V02 ≤12mL/kg/min (use of a betablocker) | Severe peripheral vascular diseases |
| V02 ≤14mL/kg/min (without beta blocker) | Severe liver failure |
| Ischemic disease with refractory angina and with no possibility of revascularization | Severe pulmonary disease |
| Persistent and refractory ventricular arrhythmia | ABO incompatibility in prospective crossmatching between donor and recipient |
| VE/VC02 >35 or 6Vninute walk test <300m | Severe psychiatric disease, chemical dependence, and poor compliance to treatment |
HF: heart failure; VAD: ventricular assistance device; VO2: oxygen consumption; VE/VCO2: ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance.
Classification of acute cellular rejection
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| OR | Absence of inflammatory infiltration in the myocardium |
| 1R (mild rejection, low grade) | Perivascular or interstitial lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate, with no aggression to myocytes or only one aggression focus |
| 2R (moderate rejection, intermediate grade) | Presence of two or more foci of aggression to the myocytes (multifocal) |
| 3R (serious rejection, high grade) | Diffuse pattern inflammation and multiple areas of cellular aggression, often with polymorphic character of inflammatory infiltrate, including neutrophils and eosinophils, hemorrhage, vasculitis, and necrosis of myocytes |
Classification of antibody mediated rejection
| pAMR 0 | Negative for antibody mediated rejection (negative histopathological and immunopathological studies) |
| pAMR 1(H+) | Antibody-mediated rejection is only histopathological (absence of immunopathological findings and presence of histopathological findings – activated mononuclear cells, endothelial edema, hemorrhage, interstitial edema and/or necrosis of myocytes) |
| pAMR 1(1+) | Antibody-mediated rejection is only immunopathological (absence of histopathological findings and presence of immunopathological findings – immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence for C4d) |
| pAMR 2 | Defined by the presence of histopathological and immunopathological findings for antibody-mediated rejection |
| pAMR 3 | Serious antibody mediated rejection characterized by the presence of hemorrhage, capillary fragmentation, polymorphic inflammation, interstitial edema, and immunopathological markers |
pAMR: pathologic Antibody Mediated Rejection.
Indicações e contraindicações ao transplante do coração
| Indicações | Contraindicações |
|---|---|
| IC refratária em uso de inotropicos ou DAV | Hipertensão pulmonar (RVP>5 |
| Classe funcional III ou IV persistente | Doenças cerebrovasculares graves |
| VO2 ≤12mL/kg/min (uso de betabloqueador) | Doenças vasculares periféricas graves |
| VO2 ≤14mL/kg/min (sem betabloqueador) | Insuficiência hepática grave |
| Doença isquêmica com angina refratária e sem possibilidade de revascularização | Doença pulmonar grave |
| Arritmia ventricular persistente e refratária | Incompatibilidade A30 na prova cruzada prospectiva entre doador e receptor |
| VE | Doença psiquiátrica grave, dependência química e má adesão á terapêutica |
IC: insuficiéncia cardíaca: DAV: dispositivo de assistência ventricular; VO2: consumo de oxigênio; VE/VCO2: equivalente ventilatório do dióxido de carbono; RVP: resistência vascular pulmonar.
Classificação da rejeição celular aguda
| Grau | Descrição |
|---|---|
| 0R | Ausência de infiltrado inflamatório no miocárdio |
| 1R (rejeição leve, baixo grau) | Infiltrado inflamatório linfo-histiocitário perivascular ou intersticial, sem agressão aos miócitos ou apenas um foco de agressão |
| 2R (rejeição moderada, grau intermediário) | Presença de dois ou mais focos de agressão aos miócitos (multifocal) |
| 3R (rejeição grave, alto grau) | Inflamação de padrão difuso e múltiplas áreas de agressão celular, caráter muitas vezes polimórfico de infiltrado inflamatório, incluindo neutrófilos e eosinófilos, hemorragia, vasculite e necrose dos miócitos |
Classificação da rejeição mediada por anticorpos
| pAMR 0 | Negativa para rejeição mediada por anticorpos (estudos histopatológicos e imunopatológicos negativos) |
| pAMR 1(H+) | Rejeição mediada por anticorpos apenas histopatológica (ausência de achados imunopatológicos e presença de achados histopatológicos – células mononucleares ativadas, edema endotelial, hemorragia, edema intersticial e/ou necrose de miócitos) |
| pAMR 1(I+) | Rejeição mediada por anticorpos apenas imunopatológica (ausência de achados histopatológicos e presença de achados imunopatológicos –imuno-histoquímica ou imunofluorescência para C4d) |
| pAMR 2 | Definida pela presença de achados histopatológicos e imunopatológicos para rejeição mediada por anticorpos |
| pAMR 3 | Rejeição mediada por anticorpos grave caracterizada pela presença de hemorragia, fragmentação capilar, inflamação polimórfica, edema intersticial e marcadores imunopatológicos |
pAMR: pathologic Antibody Mediated Rejection.