| Literature DB >> 26154550 |
José Eduardo Afonso Júnior1, Eduardo de Campos Werebe1, Rafael Medeiros Carraro1, Ricardo Henrique de Oliveira Braga Teixeira1, Lucas Matos Fernandes1, Luis Gustavo Abdalla1, Marcos Naoyuki Samano1, Paulo Manuel Pêgo-Fernandes1.
Abstract
Lung transplantation is a globally accepted treatment for some advanced lung diseases, giving the recipients longer survival and better quality of life. Since the first transplant successfully performed in 1983, more than 40 thousand transplants have been performed worldwide. Of these, about seven hundred were in Brazil. However, survival of the transplant is less than desired, with a high mortality rate related to primary graft dysfunction, infection, and chronic graft dysfunction, particularly in the form of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. New technologies have been developed to improve the various stages of lung transplant. To increase the supply of lungs, ex vivo lung reconditioning has been used in some countries, including Brazil. For advanced life support in the perioperative period, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and hemodynamic support equipment have been used as a bridge to transplant in critically ill patients on the waiting list, and to keep patients alive until resolution of the primary dysfunction after graft transplant. There are patients requiring lung transplant in Brazil who do not even come to the point of being referred to a transplant center because there are only seven such centers active in the country. It is urgent to create new centers capable of performing lung transplantation to provide patients with some advanced forms of lung disease a chance to live longer and with better quality of life.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26154550 PMCID: PMC4943827 DOI: 10.1590/S1679-45082015RW3156
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Einstein (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 1679-4508
Figure 1Graph showing the evolution in number of bilateral and unilateral transplants worldwide over the years
Figure 2Graph showing the evolution in number of lung transplants, as per the underlying disease
Criteria for indication as per specific disease
| pulmonary disease | indication criteria |
|---|---|
| COPD | BODE index ≥7 |
| Exacerbation with respiratory acidosis (PaCO2 >50) | |
| Pulmonary hypertension or cor pulmonale | |
| FEV1 <20% of the predicted or associated with DLCO <20% of the predicted or heterogeneous emphysema | |
| Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | DLCO <40% of the predicted |
| Usual interstitial pneumonia | Drop in FVC >10% in 6 months |
| Pulse oximetry <88% in 6MWT | |
| Honeycombing score >2 on the chest tomography | |
| Unspecific interstitial pneumonia | DLCO <35% of the predicted 15% drop of the DLCO or 10% of the FVC in 6 months |
| Cystic fibrosis/ bronchiectasis | FEV1 <30% or rapid functional decline |
| More frequent exacerbations, need for intensive therapy, and multiresistant bacteria | |
| Repetitive hemoptysis not controlled with embolization | |
| Hypoxemia with need for continuous oxygen therapy | |
| Hypercapnia Secondary pulmonary hypertension | |
| Idiopathic pulmonary arterial disease | NYHA functional class III or IV despite optimized therapy |
| Distance covered in the 6MWT <350m or on a decline | |
| Absence of response to treatment with prostacyclin Cardiac index <2.0L/min/m² | |
| Right atrium pressure >15mmHg | |
| Sarcoidosis | NYHA functional class III or IV |
| Hypoxemia at rest | |
| Severe compromise of pulmonary volumes or of DLCO | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | |
| LAM | NYHA functional class III or IV |
| Hypoxemia at rest | |
| Severe compromise of the pulmonary volumes or of DLCO | |
| Langerhans-cell histiocytosis | NYHA functional class III or IV |
| Hypoxemia at rest | |
| Severe compromise of the pulmonary volumes or of DLCO |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BODE score: BMI (body mass index), Obstruction (FEV1), Dyspnea (MRC - Medical Research Council), Exercise (6MWT − 6-minute walk test); PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the 1st second; DLCO: capacity for diffusion of carbon monoxide. FVC: forced vital capacity; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LAM: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
Figure 3Graph showing the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. In blue, the survival of bilateral transplants; in green, all transplants, and in red, unilateral transplants (p<0.0001). Conditioned survival reflects the median survival for those who survive the first year of transplant
Figure 4Graph showing the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for underlying diseases that most frequently lead to transplants
Figura 1Gráfico mostrando a evolução no número de transplantes bilaterais e unilaterais em todo mundo, ao longo dos anos
Figura 2Gráfico mostrando a evolução no número de transplantes de pulmão, de acordo com a doença de base
Critérios de indicação por doença específica
| Doença pulmonar | Critérios de indicação |
|---|---|
| DPOC | Índice de BODE ≥7 |
| Exacerbação com acidose respiratória (PaCO2 >50) | |
| Hipertensão pulmonar ou | |
| VEF1 <20% do previsto associado a DCO <20% do previsto ou enfisema heterogêneo | |
| Fibrose pulmonar idiopática | DCO <40% do previsto |
| Pneumonia intersticial usual | Queda da CVF >10% em 6 meses |
| Oximetria de pulso < 88% em TC6M | |
| Escore de faveolamento >2 na tomografia de tórax | |
| Pneumonia intersticial não específica | DCO <35% do previsto |
| Queda de 15% da DCO ou de 10% da CVF em 6 meses | |
| Fibrose cística/ bronquiectasias | VEF1 <30% ou rápido declínio funcional |
| Exacerbações mais frequentes, necessidade de terapia intensiva e bactérias multirresistentes | |
| Hemoptise de repetição sem controle com embolização | |
| Hipoxemia com necessidade de oxigenoterapia contínua | |
| Hipercapnia | |
| Hipertensão pulmonar secundária | |
| Hipertensão arterial pulmonar idiopática | Classe funcional III ou IV da NYHA apesar de terapia otimizada |
| Distância percorrida no TC6M <350m ou em declínio | |
| Ausência de resposta ao tratamento com prostaciclina | |
| Índice cardíaco <2,0L/min/m² | |
| Pressão de átrio direito >15mmHg | |
| Sarcoidose | Classe funcional III ou IV da NYHA |
| Hipoxemia em repouso | |
| Comprometimento severo dos volumes pulmonares ou da DCO | |
| Hipertensão pulmonar | |
| LAM | Classe funcional III ou IV da NYHA |
| Hipoxemia em repouso | |
| Comprometimento severo dos volumes pulmonares ou da DCO | |
| Histiocitose de células de Langerhans | Classe funcional III ou IV da NYHA |
| Hipoxemia em repouso | |
| Comprometimento severo dos volumes pulmonares ou da DCO |
DPOC: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; escore BODE: BMI (body mass index); Obstrução (VEF1); Dispneia (MRC – Medical Research Council), Exercício (TC6M – teste de caminhada de 6 minutos); PaCO2: pressão parcial de gás carbônico; VEF1: volume expiratório forçado no 1° segundo; DCO: capacidade de difusão do monóxido de carbono. CVF: capacidade vital forçada; TC6M: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LAM: linfangioleiomiomatose.
Figura 3Gráfico mostrando curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier. Em azul, a sobrevida dos transplantes bilaterais; em verde, todos os transplantes e, em vermelho, transplantes unilaterais (p<0,0001). Sobrevida condicionada reflete a mediana de sobrevida para aqueles que sobreviveram ao primeiro ano de transplante
Figura 4Gráfico mostrando curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para as doenças de base que mais frequentemente levam ao transplante