Stroke associated with coronary artery bypass grafting.

While coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been playing a significant role in the revascularization for ischemic heart disease, neurological complications associated with CABG have been a primary concern. Stroke, although the incidence is low, is one of the most devastating complication of CABG. Many studies have identified the risk factors for stroke with CABG, such as prior stroke, carotid artery stenosis, aortic atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation and cardiopulmonary bypass. Various rational approaches focusing on individual risk factor have been proposed for the stroke. Prophylactic carotid revascularization is an important strategy, and the diagnosis of carotid stenosis has to be established correctly. Prevention of emboli from aortic plaque is also an essential issue. Intraoperative monitoring with transesophageal or epiaortic ultrasound is useful to identify mobile atheromatous plaques and to select appropriate aortic manipulations. Maintenance of cerebral blood flow and blood pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass might be critical issues. Besides, there are conflicting two opinions regarding off-pump CABG; one supports an efficiency for the prevention of stroke while the other advocates no effect. This discrepancy might be explained by the difference of the risk of stroke in the population of the individual study and by the variation of the percentage of aortic clamping or aortic anastomosis in each study. Pharmaceutical therapies such as statin, preventive medication for atrial fibrillation, or antiplatelet are promising methods. Although it is hard to decrease the incidence of the stroke with any single countermeasure, sustained effort should be continued to overcome the stroke associated with CABG.