Markers of Individual Drug Metabolism: Towards the Development of a Personalized Antidepressant Prescription.

The development of a personalized psychopharmacotherapy could potentially reduce treatment failure associated with drug intolerance or resistance, and therefore the burden and costs of affective disorders. An important challenge in realising this potential will be to identify suitable markers of an individual's metabolic response to specific pharmaceuticals. In the absence of suitable markers related directly to drug mechanism, the drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters have emerged as major determinants of variability in drug metabolism and response. In keeping with this emergent general pharmacological trend, numerous studies concerning the relationship between antidepressants, their metabolism, transport, pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy and tolerability have now been published. These studies are reviewed in this article. The studies considered here frequently support a link between enzyme/transporter activity and/or the pharmacokinetic parameters of antidepressants. However, the majority of studies explored the variability of tricyclic antidepressants, which are less often prescribed today. Furthermore only a few studies have been conducted in naturalistic clinical conditions, seeking to determine whether the systematic assessment of the variability may improve the management of 'real-world' patients. Nonetheless recent studies have yielded promising results regarding the potential benefits of determining drug metabolism variability which might encourage additional large-scale prospective systematic studies be set up to assess the relevance of this approach in everyday practice.