Spencer G Livingstone1, Maxwell J Smith2, Diego S Silva3, Ross E G Upshur4. 1. Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Bridgepoint Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2. Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 3. Institute for History, Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. 4. Department of Family and Community Medicine, and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.