Coarse-grained modeling of vesicle responses to active rotational nanoparticles.

In recent years, magnetically-driven-rotating superparamagnetic nanoparticles have been emerging as a valuable component in designing targeted drug delivery carriers and cellular killers via membranes' physical rupture. The lack of an in-depth understanding of how to control the interaction of rotational nanoparticles (RNPs) with vesicles has hindered progress in the development of their relevant biomedical applications. Here we perform dissipative particle dynamics simulations to analyze the rotation frequencies, size, and coating patterns of the RNPs as they interact with the vesicle so as to provide novel designs of drug delivery applications. Results have revealed that the RNPs are capable of triggering local disturbance around the vesicle and therefore promoting the vesicle translocation toward the RNPs. By investigating the translocation time and driving forces required for RNPs to enter inside the vesicle at various rotation frequencies as well as the interaction energy between coated RNPs and the vesicle, we have tuned the coating pattern of the ligands on the surface of RNPs to open a specified channel in the vesicle for promoting drug delivery. Our findings can provide useful guidelines for the molecular design of patterned RNPs for controllable bio/inorganic interfaces and help establish qualitative rules for the organization and optimization of ligands on the surface of the desired drug delivery carriers.