Compressive axial strain distributions in cancellous bone specimens.

The compressive axial strain distribution in cylindrical trabecular bone specimens was studied using digitized images of the specimen surface. Specimens were tested with strain rate 0.00015 s-1. Images were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10% strain. Using an optical illusion of movement by rapidly changing succeeding images, failures were classified as transverse (33%) or oblique collapses (67%). The location of failure was not determined by the specimen density gradient. Local axial strain in the distal, intermediate and proximal third was measured throughout the compression in the transversely failing specimens, whereas local strain in the obliquely failing specimens was measured in the pre-failure phase only. Axial strain inhomogeneity was observed in the pre-failure as well as in the post-failure phase. In the pre-failure phase the intermediate third was strained significantly less than the thirds near the ends. In the post-failure phase specimen strain occurred solely in the collapsed part. Ultimate strain of the transversely failing specimens was 2.5% and ultimate strain of the failing third was 3.7%. At failure less than 1% strain was observed in the intermediate third and at 10% specimen strain 1.5% local strain was found in the intermediate third. The results indicate unreliability of conventional stiffness and strain measurements in trabecular bone specimens probably due to lack of trabecular constraint at the end surfaces. Conventional measurements tend to underestimate stiffness and, by giving an average value of strain in spite of considerable strain inhomogeneity, to underestimate failure strain.