| Literature DB >> 26132360 |
Camila Delfino Ribeiro da Silva1, Moacyr Silva Júnior1.
Abstract
The comsumption of antibiotics is high, mainly in intensive care units. Unfortunately, most are inappropriately used leading to increased multi-resistant bacteria. It is well known that initial empirical therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics reduce mortality rates. However the prolonged and irrational use of antimicrobials may also increase the risk of toxicity, drug interactions and diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. Some strategies to rational use of antimicrobial agents include avoiding colonization treatment, de-escalation, monitoring serum levels of the agents, appropriate duration of therapy and use of biological markers. This review discusses the effectiveness of these strategies, the importance of microbiology knowledge, considering there are agents resistant to Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and reducing antibiotic use and bacterial resistance, with no impact on mortality.Entities:
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Year: 2015 PMID: 26132360 PMCID: PMC4943795 DOI: 10.1590/S1679-45082015RW3145
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Einstein (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 1679-4508
Recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2009) to adjust therapeutic dose of vancomycin
| Dosage | Initial dose should be calculated according to weight, as 25-30mg/kg |
| Subsequent doses based on serum concentration | |
| Serum level | More effective and practical method |
| Should be obtained immediately before the fourth dose, for patients with normal kidney function | |
| Recommendation: 15-20mg/dL every 8 to 12 hours |
Factors that influence length of antimicrobial treatment
| Microorganism characteristics | Sensitivity profile |
| Biofilm formation capacity | |
| Metastatic focus potential | |
| Virulence | |
| Patient characteristics | Immunological status (age, comorbidity and immunosuppressing treatments) |
| Presence of foreign body (metal prothesis, valve implant, catheter, etc.) | |
| Infection characteristics | Duration |
| Location | |
| Severity and response to treatment | |
| Antimicrobial characteristics | Profile of microorganism sensitivity |
| Bactericidal | |
| Monotherapy |
Recomendações da Infectious Diseases Society of America (2009) para ajuste de dose terapêutica da vancomicina
| Dose | Dose inicial deve ser calculada de acordo com peso, sendo 25-30mg/kg |
| Doses subsequentes baseadas na concentração sérica | |
| Nível sérico | Método mais eficaz e prático |
| Deve ser obtido imediatamente antes da quarta dose, em paciente com função renal normal | |
| Recomendação: 15-20mg/dL a cada 8 a 12 horas |
Fatores que influenciam a duração da terapia antimicrobiana
| Características do microrganismo | Perfil de sensibilidade |
| Capacidade formação biofilme | |
| Potencial foco metastático | |
| Virulência | |
| Características do paciente | Situação imunológica (idade, comorbidades e tratamentos imunossupressores) |
| Presença corpo estranho (prótese metálica, valvar, cateter etc.) | |
| Característica da infecção | Duração |
| Localização | |
| Gravidade e resposta ao tratamento | |
| Característica do antimicrobiano | Perfil de sensibilidade do microrganismo |
| Bactericida | |
| Monoterapia |