Yasuyuki Nakamura1,2, Hirotsugu Ueshima3, Nagako Okuda4, Katsuyuki Miura3, Yoshikuni Kita5, Naoko Miyagawa3, Katsushi Yoshita6, Hideaki Nakagawa7, Kiyomi Sakata8, Shigeyuki Saitoh9, Tomonori Okamura10, Akira Okayama11, Sohel R Choudhry12, Beatriz Rodriguez13, Kamal H Masaki13, Queenie Chan14, Paul Elliott14, Jeremiah Stamler15. 1. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, 520-2194, Japan. nakamury@agr.ryukoku.ac.jp. 2. Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan. nakamury@agr.ryukoku.ac.jp. 3. Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan. 4. Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan. 5. Tsuruga City University of Nursing, Tsuruga, Japan. 6. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan. 7. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan. 8. Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan. 9. School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan. 10. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. 11. Research Center for Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. 12. Department of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 13. John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA. 14. Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. 15. Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) are a popular dietary strategy for weight reduction. The effects of LCD on long-term outcome vary depending on type of LCD, possibly due to the fact that effects on cardiometabolic risk factors may vary with different types of LCD. Accordingly, we studied these relations. METHODS: We assessed serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, and uric acid, and nutrient intakes by standardized methods in men and women ages 40-59 years from four population samples of Japanese in Japan (553 men and 544 women, combined). For people consuming usual, animal-based, and plant-based LCDs, we calculated LCD scores, based on relative level of fat, protein, and carbohydrate, by modifying the methods of Halton et al. Instead of calculating scores based on animal or vegetable fat, we used saturated fatty acids (SFA) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) + polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). RESULTS: In multivariate regression analyses with adjustment for site, age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and years of education, all three LCD scores were significantly positively related to HDLc (all P < 0.001), but not to LDLc. The plant-based LCD score was significantly inversely related to log CRP (coefficient = -0.010, P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: All three LCD scores were significantly positively related to HDLc. The plant-based LCD score was significantly inversely related to CRP. Carbohydrate intake below 50 % of total energy with higher intakes of vegetable protein and MUFA + PUFA, and lower intakes of SFA may be favorable for reducing cardiometabolic risk factors.
PURPOSE:Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) are a popular dietary strategy for weight reduction. The effects of LCD on long-term outcome vary depending on type of LCD, possibly due to the fact that effects on cardiometabolic risk factors may vary with different types of LCD. Accordingly, we studied these relations. METHODS: We assessed serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, and uric acid, and nutrient intakes by standardized methods in men and women ages 40-59 years from four population samples of Japanese in Japan (553 men and 544 women, combined). For people consuming usual, animal-based, and plant-based LCDs, we calculated LCD scores, based on relative level of fat, protein, and carbohydrate, by modifying the methods of Halton et al. Instead of calculating scores based on animal or vegetable fat, we used saturated fatty acids (SFA) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) + polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). RESULTS: In multivariate regression analyses with adjustment for site, age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and years of education, all three LCD scores were significantly positively related to HDLc (all P < 0.001), but not to LDLc. The plant-based LCD score was significantly inversely related to log CRP (coefficient = -0.010, P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: All three LCD scores were significantly positively related to HDLc. The plant-based LCD score was significantly inversely related to CRP. Carbohydrate intake below 50 % of total energy with higher intakes of vegetable protein and MUFA + PUFA, and lower intakes of SFA may be favorable for reducing cardiometabolic risk factors.
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