Luc Biedermann1, Nicolas Fournier2, Benjamin Misselwitz3, Pascal Frei4, Jonas Zeitz3, Christine N Manser3, Valerie Pittet2, Pascal Juillerat5, Roland von Känel6, Michael Fried3, Stephan R Vavricka7, Gerhard Rogler3. 1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland luc.biedermann@usz.ch. 2. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. 3. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 4. Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Seespital Horgen, Horgen, Switzerland. 5. Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 6. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Clinic Barmelweid, Barmelweid, Switzerland. 7. Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Triemli Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Smoking is a crucial environmental factor in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. However, knowledge on patient characteristics associated with smoking, time trends of smoking rates, gender differences and supportive measures to cease smoking provided by physicians is scarce. We aimed to address these questions in Swiss IBD patients. METHODS: Prospectively obtained data from patients participating in the Swiss IBD Cohort Study was analysed and compared with the general Swiss population [GSP] matched by age, sex and year. RESULTS: Among a total of 1770 IBD patients analysed [49.1% male], 29% are current smokers. More than twice as many patients with Crohn's disease [CD] are active smokers compared with ulcerative colitis [UC] [UC, 39.6% vs CD 15.3%, p < 0.001]. In striking contrast to the GSP, significantly more women than men with CD smoke [42.8% vs 35.8%, p = 0.025], with also an overall significantly increased smoking rate compared with the GSP in women but not men. The vast majority of smoking IBD patients [90.5%] claim to never have received any support to achieve smoking cessation, significantly more in UC compared with CD. We identify a significantly negative association of smoking and primary sclerosing cholangitis, indicative of a protective effect. Psychological distress in CD is significantly higher in smokers compared with non-smokers, but does not differ in UC. CONCLUSIONS: Despite well-established detrimental effects, smoking rates in CD are alarmingly high with persistent and stagnating elevations compared with the GSP, especially in female patients. Importantly, there appears to be an unacceptable underuse of supportive measures to achieve smoking cessation.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Smoking is a crucial environmental factor in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. However, knowledge on patient characteristics associated with smoking, time trends of smoking rates, gender differences and supportive measures to cease smoking provided by physicians is scarce. We aimed to address these questions in Swiss IBDpatients. METHODS: Prospectively obtained data from patients participating in the Swiss IBD Cohort Study was analysed and compared with the general Swiss population [GSP] matched by age, sex and year. RESULTS: Among a total of 1770 IBDpatients analysed [49.1% male], 29% are current smokers. More than twice as many patients with Crohn's disease [CD] are active smokers compared with ulcerative colitis [UC] [UC, 39.6% vs CD 15.3%, p < 0.001]. In striking contrast to the GSP, significantly more women than men with CD smoke [42.8% vs 35.8%, p = 0.025], with also an overall significantly increased smoking rate compared with the GSP in women but not men. The vast majority of smoking IBDpatients [90.5%] claim to never have received any support to achieve smoking cessation, significantly more in UC compared with CD. We identify a significantly negative association of smoking and primary sclerosing cholangitis, indicative of a protective effect. Psychological distress in CD is significantly higher in smokers compared with non-smokers, but does not differ in UC. CONCLUSIONS: Despite well-established detrimental effects, smoking rates in CD are alarmingly high with persistent and stagnating elevations compared with the GSP, especially in female patients. Importantly, there appears to be an unacceptable underuse of supportive measures to achieve smoking cessation.
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