Katharina Boehm1,2, Roger Valdivieso3,4, Malek Meskawi3,4, Alessandro Larcher3,5, Jonas Schiffmann6, Maxine Sun3, Markus Graefen6, Fred Saad4, Marie-Élise Parent7,8, Pierre I Karakiewicz3,4. 1. Martini-Klinik am Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. boehm@martini-klinik.de. 2. Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada. boehm@martini-klinik.de. 3. Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada. 4. Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada. 5. Unit of Urology, Division of Oncology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. 6. Martini-Klinik am Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. 7. INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada. 8. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
Abstract
PURPOSE: We relied on a population-based case-control study (PROtEuS) to examine a potential association between the presence of histologically confirmed prostate cancer (PCa) and history of genitourinary infections, e.g., prostatitis, urethritis, orchitis and epididymitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases were 1933 men with incident PCa, diagnosed across Montreal hospitals between 2005 and 2009. Population controls were 1994 men from the same residential area and age distribution. In-person interviews collected information about socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and medical history, e.g., self-reported history of several genitourinary infections, as well as on PCa screening. Logistic regression analyses tested overall and grade-specific associations, including subgroup analyses with frequent PSA testing. RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment, prostatitis was associated with an increased risk of any PCa (OR 1.81 [1.44-2.27]), but not urethritis (OR 1.05 [0.84-1.30]), orchitis (OR 1.28 [0.92-1.78]) or epididymitis (OR 0.98 [0.57-1.68]). The association between prostatitis and PCa was more pronounced for low-grade PCa (Gleason ≤ 6: OR 2.11 [1.61-2.77]; Gleason ≥ 7: OR 1.59 [1.22-2.07]). Adjusting for frequency of physician visits, PSA testing frequency or restricting analyses to frequently screened subjects did not affect these results. CONCLUSION: Prostatitis was associated with an increased probability for detecting PCa even after adjustment for frequency of PSA testing and physician visits, but not urethritis, orchitis or epididymitis. These considerations may be helpful in clinical risk stratification of individuals in whom the risk of PCa is pertinent.
PURPOSE: We relied on a population-based case-control study (PROtEuS) to examine a potential association between the presence of histologically confirmed prostate cancer (PCa) and history of genitourinary infections, e.g., prostatitis, urethritis, orchitis and epididymitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases were 1933 men with incident PCa, diagnosed across Montreal hospitals between 2005 and 2009. Population controls were 1994 men from the same residential area and age distribution. In-person interviews collected information about socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and medical history, e.g., self-reported history of several genitourinary infections, as well as on PCa screening. Logistic regression analyses tested overall and grade-specific associations, including subgroup analyses with frequent PSA testing. RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment, prostatitis was associated with an increased risk of any PCa (OR 1.81 [1.44-2.27]), but not urethritis (OR 1.05 [0.84-1.30]), orchitis (OR 1.28 [0.92-1.78]) or epididymitis (OR 0.98 [0.57-1.68]). The association between prostatitis and PCa was more pronounced for low-grade PCa (Gleason ≤ 6: OR 2.11 [1.61-2.77]; Gleason ≥ 7: OR 1.59 [1.22-2.07]). Adjusting for frequency of physician visits, PSA testing frequency or restricting analyses to frequently screened subjects did not affect these results. CONCLUSION:Prostatitis was associated with an increased probability for detecting PCa even after adjustment for frequency of PSA testing and physician visits, but not urethritis, orchitis or epididymitis. These considerations may be helpful in clinical risk stratification of individuals in whom the risk of PCa is pertinent.
Authors: K G Naber; B Bergman; M C Bishop; T E Bjerklund-Johansen; H Botto; B Lobel; F Jinenez Cruz; F P Selvaggi Journal: Eur Urol Date: 2001-11 Impact factor: 20.096
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