S Jay Bowman1, Frank Celenza2, John Sparaga3, Moschos A Papadopoulos4, Kenji Ojima5, James Cheng-Yi Lin6. 1. St. Louis University, St. Louis, USA. drjwyred@aol.com. 2. Private practice of orthodontics, New York, NY, USA. 3. Private practice of orthodontics, Anchorage, AK, USA. 4. Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. 5. Private practice of orthodontics, Tokyo, Japan. 6. Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.