Xiaofang Liu1, Dai Yamamoto2, Mariko Saito3, Toshifumi Imagawa1, Adrianne Ablola4, Amado O Tandoc5, Edelwisa Segubre-Mercado4, Socorro P Lupisan6, Michiko Okamoto1, Yuki Furuse1, Mayuko Saito7, Hitoshi Oshitani1. 1. Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan. 2. Department of Pediatrics, Kushiro city General Hospital, 1-12 Shunkodai, Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0822, Japan. 3. Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines. 4. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines. 5. Department of Virology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines. 6. Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines. 7. Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan. Electronic address: msaitop@med.tohoku.ac.jp.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human sapovirus (SaV) is a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis. Recently, SaV detection has been increasing worldwide due to the emerging SaV genotype I.2. However, SaV infection has not been reported in the Philippines. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of SaV in hospitalized children aged less than 5 years with acute gastroenteritis. STUDY DESIGN: Stool samples were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis at three hospitals in the Philippines from June 2012 to August 2013. SaV was detected by reverse transcription real-time PCR, and the polymerase and capsid gene sequences were analyzed. Full genome sequencing and recombination analysis were performed on possible recombinant viruses. RESULTS: SaV was detected in 7.0% of the tested stool samples (29/417). In 10 SaV-positive cases, other viruses were also detected, including rotavirus (n=6), norovirus (n=2), and human astrovirus (n=2). Four known SaV genotypes (GI.1 [7], GI.2 [2], GII.1 [12], and GV [2]) and one novel recombinant (n=3) were identified by polymerase and capsid gene sequence analysis. Full genome sequencing revealed that the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) and nonstructural protein region of the novel recombinant were closely related to the GII.1 Bristol/98/UK variant, whereas the structural protein region and 3' NTR were closely related to the GII.4 Kumamoto6/Mar2003/JPN variant. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: SaV was regularly detected in hospitalized children due to acute gastroenteritis during the study period. A novel recombinant, SaV GII.1/GII.4, was identified in three cases at two different study sites.
BACKGROUND:Human sapovirus (SaV) is a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis. Recently, SaV detection has been increasing worldwide due to the emerging SaV genotype I.2. However, SaV infection has not been reported in the Philippines. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of SaV in hospitalized children aged less than 5 years with acute gastroenteritis. STUDY DESIGN: Stool samples were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis at three hospitals in the Philippines from June 2012 to August 2013. SaV was detected by reverse transcription real-time PCR, and the polymerase and capsid gene sequences were analyzed. Full genome sequencing and recombination analysis were performed on possible recombinant viruses. RESULTS: SaV was detected in 7.0% of the tested stool samples (29/417). In 10 SaV-positive cases, other viruses were also detected, including rotavirus (n=6), norovirus (n=2), and human astrovirus (n=2). Four known SaV genotypes (GI.1 [7], GI.2 [2], GII.1 [12], and GV [2]) and one novel recombinant (n=3) were identified by polymerase and capsid gene sequence analysis. Full genome sequencing revealed that the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) and nonstructural protein region of the novel recombinant were closely related to the GII.1 Bristol/98/UK variant, whereas the structural protein region and 3' NTR were closely related to the GII.4 Kumamoto6/Mar2003/JPN variant. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: SaV was regularly detected in hospitalized children due to acute gastroenteritis during the study period. A novel recombinant, SaV GII.1/GII.4, was identified in three cases at two different study sites.
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