| Literature DB >> 26061075 |
Walter Fernandes de Azevedo1, Michele Baffi Diniz2, Eduardo Sérgio Valério Borges Fonseca1, Lícia Maria Ricarte de Azevedo2, Carla Braz Evangelista1.
Abstract
Sexual activity during adolescence can lead to unwanted pregnancy, which in turn can result in serious maternal and fetal complications. The present study aimed to evaluate the complications related to adolescent pregnancy, through a systematic review using the Medical Subject Headings: "pregnancy complication" AND "adolescent" OR "pregnancy in adolescence". Only full original articles in English or Portuguese with a clearly described methodology, were included. No qualitative studies, reviews or meta-analyses, editorials, case series, or case reports were included. The sample consisted of 15 articles; in that 10 were cross-sectional and 5 were cohort studies. The overall prevalence of adolescent pregnancy was 10%, and among the Brazilian studies, the adolescent pregnancy rate was 26%. The cesarean delivery rate was lower than that reported in the general population. The main maternal and neonatal complications were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, prematurity and low birth weight, respectively. Adolescent pregnancy is related to increased frequency of neonatal and maternal complications and lower prevalence of cesarean delivery.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26061075 PMCID: PMC4878642 DOI: 10.1590/S1679-45082015RW3127
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Einstein (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 1679-4508
Figure 1Flow chart for identification and selection of systematic review studies
Relation of the studies included as per the countries of origin and the study design
| Reference | Country | Study design | STROBE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nili et al.(20) | Iran | Cross-sectional | B |
| Markovitz et al.(21) | United States | Retrospective cohort | B |
| Stewart et al.(22) | Nepal | Retrospective cohort | A |
| Kongnyuy et al.(23) | Cameroon | Prospective cohort | B |
| Reime et al.(24) | Germany | Retrospective cohort | A |
| Santos et al.(25) | Brazil | Cross-sectional | B |
| Muganyizi et al.(26) | Tanzania | Cross-sectional | B |
| Santos et al.(27) | Brazil | Cross-sectional | B |
| Khashan et al.(28) | England | Retrospective cohort | A |
| Mukhopadhyay et al.(29) | India | Cross-sectional | B |
| Oliveira et al.(30) | Brazil | Cross-sectional | B |
| Correia et al.(31) | Brazil | Cross-sectional | B |
| Lopoo(32) | USA | Cross-sectional | B |
| Martins et al.(33) | Brazil | Cross-sectional | B |
| Santos et al.(34) | Brazil | Cross-sectional | B |
Characteristics of the studies included regarding adolescent pregnancy complications (2002/2012)
| Reference | Objective | Primary outcomes |
|---|---|---|
| Nili et al.(20) | To determine the frequency of pregnant adolescents and maternal and neonatal complications. | Maternal complications: pre-eclampsia, PRM, UTI, and heart and thyroid disease. Neonatal complications: prematurity, LBW, delayed intrauterine growth, and mortality. |
| Markovitz et al.(21) | To investigate the relation between infant mortality, socioeconomic level, and maternal age. | Child mortality, neonatal, and postnatal risks were significantly greater for younger adolescents. |
| Stewart et al.(22) | To determine the association between young maternal age and adverse outcomes. | Maternal age was associated with increased risk of prematurity among the primiparous. |
| Kongnyuy et al.(23) | To determine the adverse fetal complications associated with pregnancy in adolescence. | Fetal outcomes were LBW, prematurity and neonatal death. Maternal outcomes were eclampsia, pre-eclampsia, perineal laceration, and episiotomy. |
| Reime et al.(24) | To compare the risk of adverse outcomes in nulliparous adolescents and those who had an induced abortion or a previous delivery. | Adolescents with a prior delivery presented with greater perinatal, neonatal, and mortality risks. Those with a prior abortion presented with elevated risks for stillborn, prematurity, and VLBW. |
| Santos et al.(25) | To analyze the association between pregnancy in adolescence with LBW. | Among adolescents, LBW and prematurity were associated with low level of schooling, low number of prenatal visits, and late initiation of prenatal care. |
| Muganyizi et al.(26) | To establish the temporal changes in maternal age and its impacts for cesarean sections and LBW. | The proportion of adolescent mothers diminished progressively over time (1999-2005). The risk of cesarean sections increased and the risk of LBW was reduced. |
| Santos et al.(27) | To analyze the association between maternal age, perinatal results, and route of delivery. | Among the adolescents, a greater risk of prematurity, LBW, frequency of abortive method use, low number of prenatal visits, and late initiation of prenatal care were noted. |
| Khashan et al.(28) | To investigate the relation between the first and second pregnancies in adolescence and pre-term delivery, birth weight, and SGA. | The risk of premature birth increased in the first and second pregnancies. There was some evidence of a protective effect against SGA during the adolescent first gestation. |
| Mukhopadhyay et al.(29) | To compare the perinatal differences between adolescent and adult primigestas. | The adolescent mothers presented with greater proportion of premature deliveries, LBW, and stillborn. |
| Oliveira et al.(30) | To identify the effect of pregnancy on adolescence and risk factors for fetal and infant mortality. | Low weight and prematurity were determining factors of fetal and neonatal death. The risk of postnatal death was higher in the presence of multiparity, maternal morbidity, and LBW. |
| Correia et al.(31) | To investigate abortion in adolescents. | 26.7% of the adolescents aborted primarily due to fear. |
| Lopoo(32) | To investigate the relation between adolescent pregnancy and complications of delivery. | The adolescents had lower rates of PROM, placenta previa, prolonged labor, breech presentation, among other complications. |
| Martins et al.(33) | To analyze the association between pregnancy in adolescence and prematurity. | There was an association between prematurity and the lower number of prenatal visits, late initiation of prenatal visits, LBW, and low level of schooling. |
| Santos et al.(34) | To identify the association between the maternal nutritional status and prenatal conditions with LBW and prematurity. | Birth weight was associated with the intergestational interval, pre-gestational weight, pre-gestational BMI, and total weight gain during gestation. |
PRM: prolonged rupture of the membranes; UTI: urinary tract infection; LBW: low birth weight; VLBW: very low birth weight; SGA: small for gestational age; PROM: premature rupture of fetal membranes; BMI: body mass index.
Prevalence of pregnancy in adolescence as per the studies included
| Reference | Adolescent/population | Incidence (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Nili et al.(20) | 99/2,357 | 4.2 |
| Santos et al.(25) | 537/1,978 | 27.2 |
| Muganyizi et al.(26) | 16,573/91,699 | 18.1 |
| Santos et al.(27) | 549/2,196 | 25.0 |
| Mukhopadhyay et al.(29) | 350/700 | 50.0 |
| Oliveira et al.(30) | 1,989/9,041 | 22.0 |
| Lopoo(32) | 125,796/1,355,962 | 9.3 |
| Martins et al.(33) | 537/1,975 | 27.2 |
|
| ||
| Total | 146,430/1,465,908 | 10.0 |
Maternal complications in adolescent pregnancy, as per the studies included
| References | Abortion | HDP | Hemorrhagic syndromes | UTI | PROM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Nili et al.(20) | - | 7/99 (7.1) | - | 2/99 (2.0) | 20/99 (20.2) |
| Kongnyuy et al.(23) | - | 41/268 (15.3) | 12/268 (4.5) | ||
| Santos et al. (25) | 43/537 (8.0) | 47/537 (8.8) | 4/537 (0.74) | - | - |
| Santos et al.(27) | 191/549 (34.8) | 50/549 (9.1) | 4/549 (0.73) | 94/549 (17.1) | 6/549 (1.1) |
| Correia et al.(31) | 149/2.592 (5.8) | - | - | - | - |
|
| |||||
| Total | 383/3.678 (10.4) | 145/1.453 (10.0) | 8/1.086 (0.74) | 96/648 (14.8) | 38/916 (4.2) |
HDP: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP); UTI: urinary tract infection; PROM: premature rupture of fetal membranes.
Prevalence of preterm delivery, low birth weight, and perinatal death in adolescents according to the studies included
| Reference | PT | LBW | Neonatal death | Perinatal death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |
| Nili et al.(20) | 39/99 (39.4) | 33/99 (33.3) | 7/99 (7.1) | 12/99 (12.1) |
| Markovitz et al.(21) | 2.751/29.085 (9.5) | 2.613/29.085 (9.0) | 161/29.085 (0.6) | - |
| Kongnyuy et al.(23) | 57/268 (21.3) | 46/268 (17.2) | 13/268 (4.9) | 17/268 (6.34) |
| Reime et al.(24) | 324/8.857 (3.7) | 124/8.857 (1.4) | 24/8.857 (0.3) | 73/8.857 (0.82) |
| Santos et al.(25) | 115/537 (21.4) | 107/537 (19.9) | - | - |
| Santos et al.(27) | 120/549 (21.9) | 113/549 (20.6) | - | - |
| Khashan et al.(28) | 749/11.142 (6.7) | 679/11.142 (6.1) | - | - |
| Mukhopadhyay et al.(29) | 97/350 (27.7) | 137/350 (39.1) | 18/350 (5.1) | 36/350 (10.3) |
| Martins et al.(33) | 115/537 (21.4) | 107/537 (19.9) | - | - |
| Santos et al.(34) | 82/542 (15.1) | 62/542 (11.4) | - | - |
|
| ||||
| Total | 4.449/51.966 (8.6) | 4.021/51.966 (7.7) | 223/38.659 (0.6) | 138/9574 (1.44) |
PT: preterm; LBW: low birth weight.
Figura 1Fluxograma de identificação e seleção dos estudos da revisão sistemática
Relação dos estudos incluídos de acordo com os países de origem e o delineamento do estudo
| Referência | País | Delineamento do estudo | STROBE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nili et al.(20) | Irã | Transversal | B |
| Markovitz et al.(21) | Estados Unidos | Coorte retrospectivo | B |
| Stewart et al.(22) | Nepal | Coorte retrospectivo | A |
| Kongnyuy et al.(23) | Camarões | Coorte prospectivo | B |
| Reime et al.(24) | Alemanha | Coorte retrospectivo | A |
| Santos et al.(25) | Brasil | Transversal | B |
| Muganyizi et al.(26) | Tanzânia | Transversal | B |
| Santos et al.(27) | Brasil | Transversal | B |
| Khashan et al.(28) | Inglaterra | Coorte retrospectivo | A |
| Mukhopadhyay et al.(29) | Índia | Transversal | B |
| Oliveira et al.(30) | Brasil | Transversal | B |
| Correia et al.(31) | Brasil | Transversal | B |
| Lopoo(32) | EUA | Transversal | B |
| Martins et al.(33) | Brasil | Transversal | B |
| Santos et al.(34) | Brasil | Transversal | B |
Características dos estudos incluídos sobre as complicações da gravidez na adolescência (2002/2012)
| Referência | Objetivo | Principais desfechos |
|---|---|---|
| Nili et al.(20) | Determinar a frequência de adolescentes grávidas e as complicações maternas e neonatais. | Complicações maternas: pré-eclâmpsia, RPM, ITU e doença cardíaca e na tireoide. Complicações neonatais: prematuridade, BPN, crescimento intrauterino retardado e mortalidade. |
| Markovitz et al.(21) | Investigar a relação entre a mortalidade infantil, nível socioeconômico e idade materna. | Riscos de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal foram significativamente maiores para adolescentes mais jovens. |
| Stewart et al.(22) | Determinar a associação entre idade materna jovem e desfechos adversos. | A idade materna jovem foi associada com o aumento do risco de prematuridade entre as primíparas. |
| Kongnyuy et al.(23) | Determinar os desfechos fetais adversos associados à gravidez na adolescência. | Os desfechos fetais foram BPN, prematuridade e óbito neonatal. Os desfechos maternos foram eclâmpsia, pré-eclâmpsia, laceração perineal e episiotomia. |
| Reime et al.(24) | Comparar o risco de desfechos adversos em adolescentes nulíparas e que tiveram aborto induzido ou parto anterior. | As adolescentes com parto anterior apresentaram maiores riscos perinatais, neonatais e mortalidade. As com aborto anterior apresentaram riscos elevados para natimortos, prematuridade e MBPN. |
| Santos et al.(25) | Analisar a associação da gravidez na adolescência com o BPN. | Entre as adolescentes, o BPN e a prematuridade estiveram associados com a baixa escolaridade, baixo número de consultas do pré-natal e início tardio do pré-natal. |
| Muganyizi et al.(26) | Estabelecer as mudanças temporais na idade materna e seus impactos para cesarianas e BPN. | A proporção de mães adolescentes diminuiu progressivamente ao longo do tempo (1999-2005). O risco de cesariana aumentou e o risco de BPN foi reduzido. |
| Santos et al.(27) | Analisar a associação entre idade materna, resultados perinatais e via de parto. | Entre as adolescentes, foi verificado maior risco de prematuridade, BPN, frequência de usos de abortivos, baixo número de consultas do pré-natal e início tardio. |
| Khashan et al.(28) | Investigar a relação entre a primeira e segunda gravidez na adolescência e parto pré-termo, peso ao nascer e PIG. | O risco de nascimento prematuro foi aumentado na primeira e segunda gestação. Houve alguma evidência de um efeito protetor contra PIG na primeira gestação de adolescentes. |
| Mukhopadhyay et al.(29) | Comparar as diferenças perinatais entre adolescentes e adultas primigestas. | As mães adolescentes apresentaram maior proporção de partos prematuros, BPN e natimortos. |
| Oliveira et al.(30) | Identificar o efeito da gravidez na adolescência e fatores de risco para mortalidade fetal e infantil. | O baixo peso e a prematuridade foram determinantes do óbito fetal e neonatal. O risco de óbito pós-neonatal foi mais elevado na presença de multiparidade, morbidade materna e BPN. |
| Correia et al.(31) | Investigar o aborto em adolescentes. | 26,7% das adolescentes abortaram principalmente por medo. |
| Lopoo(32) | Investigar a relação entre gravidez na adolescência e complicações do parto. | As adolescentes tiveram menores taxas de RPMO, placenta prévia, trabalho de parto prolongado, apresentação pélvica, dentre outras complicações. |
| Martins et al.(33) | Analisar a associação da gravidez na adolescência com prematuridade. | Houve uma associação entre a prematuridade e o menor número de consultas no pré-natal, início tardio do pré-natal, BPN e baixa escolaridade. |
| Santos et al.(34) | Identificar a associação do estado nutricional materno e condições do pré-natal com o BPN e prematuridade. | O peso ao nascer foi relacionado ao intervalo intergestacional, ao peso pré-gestacional, ao IMC pré-gestacional e ao ganho de peso gestacional total. |
RPM: ruptura prolongada de membranas; ITU: infecção do trato urinário; BPN: baixo peso ao nascer; MBPN: muito baixo peso ao nascer; PIG: pequeno para idade gestacional; RPMO: rotura prematura das membranas ovulares; IMC: índice de massa corporal.
Prevalência de gravidez na adolescência de acordo com os estudos incluídos
| Referência | Adolescentes/população | Incidência (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Nili et al.(20) | 99/2.357 | 4,2 |
| Santos et al.(25) | 537/1.978 | 27,2 |
| Muganyizi et al.(26) | 16.573/91.699 | 18,1 |
| Santos et al.(27) | 549/2.196 | 25,0 |
| Mukhopadhyay et al.(29) | 350/700 | 50,0 |
| Oliveira et al.(30) | 1.989/9.041 | 22,0 |
| Lopoo(32) | 125.796/1.355.962 | 9,3 |
| Martins et al.(33) | 537/1.975 | 27,2 |
|
| ||
| Total | 146.430/1.465.908 | 10,0 |
Complicações maternas na gravidez entre adolescentes. De acordo com os estudos incluídos
| Referências | Aborto | DHEG | Síndromes hemorrágicas | ITU | RPMO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Nili et al.(20) | - | 7/99 (7,1) | - | 2/99 (2,0) | 20/99 (20,2) |
| Kongnyuy et al.(23) | - | 41/268 (15,3) | 12/268 (4,5) | ||
| Santos et al.(25) | 43/537 (8,0) | 47/537 (8,8) | 4/537 (0,74) | - | - |
| Santos et al.(27) | 191/549 (34,8) | 50/549 (9,1) | 4/549 (0,73) | 94/549 (17,1) | 6/549 (1,1) |
| Correia et al.(31) | 149/2.592 (5,8) | - | - | - | - |
|
| |||||
| Total | 383/3.678 (10,4) | 145/1.453 (10,0) | 8/1.086 (0,74) | 96/648 (14,8) | 38/916 (4,2) |
DHEG: doença hipertensiva específica da gestação (pré-eclâmpsia, eclâmpsia e HELLP); ITU: infecção do trato urinário; RPMO: rotura prematura das membranas ovulares.
Prevalência de parto pré-termo, de baixo peso e morte perinatal em adolescentes de acordo com os estudos incluídos
| Referência | PT | BPN | Morte neonatal | Morte perinatal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Nili et al.(20) | 39/99 (39,4) | 33/99 (33,3) | 7/99 (7,1) | 12/99 (12,1) |
| Markovitz et al.(21) | 2.751/29.085 (9,5) | 2.613/29.085 (9,0) | 161/29.085 (0,6) | - |
| Kongnyuy et al.(23) | 57/268 (21,3) | 46/268 (17,2) | 13/268 (4,9) | 17/268 (6,34) |
| Reime et al.(24) | 324/8.857 (3,7) | 124/8.857 (1,4) | 24/8.857 (0,3) | 73/8.857 (0,82) |
| Santos et al.(25) | 115/537 (21,4) | 107/537 (19,9) | - | - |
| Santos et al.(27) | 120/549 (21,9) | 113/549 (20,6) | - | - |
| Khashan et al.(28) | 749/11.142 (6,7) | 679/11.142 (6,1) | - | - |
| Mukhopadhyay et al.(29) | 97/350 (27,7) | 137/350 (39,1) | 18/350 (5,1) | 36/350 (10,3) |
| Martins et al.(33) | 115/537 (21,4) | 107/537 (19,9) | - | - |
| Santos et al.(34) | 82/542 (15,1) | 62/542 (11,4) | - | - |
|
| ||||
| Total | 4.449/51.966 (8,6) | 4.021/51.966 (7,7) | 223/38.659 (0,6) | 138/9574 (1,44) |
PT: pré-termo; BPN: baixo peso ao nascer.