Tianyi Huang1,2, Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman3, Karen A Ertel4, Janet Rich-Edwards1,2, Ken Kleinman3, Matthew W Gillman5,3, Emily Oken5,3, Tamarra James-Todd1. 1. Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 2. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. 3. Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA. 4. Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. 5. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Glucose dysregulation in pregnancy may affect maternal depressive symptoms during the prenatal and postpartum periods via both physiologic and psychological pathways. METHODS: During mid-pregnancy, a combination of 50-g 1-h non-fasting glucose challenge test (GCT) and 100-g 3-h fasting oral glucose tolerance test was used to determine pregnancy glycaemic status among women participating in Project Viva: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), isolated hyperglycaemia (IHG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), we assessed depressive symptoms at mid-pregnancy and again at 6 months postpartum. We used logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors, to estimate the odds of elevated prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms (EPDS ≥ 13 on 0-30 scale) in relation to GCT glucose levels and GDM status in separate models. RESULTS: A total of 9.6% of women showed prenatal and 8.4% postpartum depressive symptoms. Women with higher GCT glucose levels were at greater odds of elevated prenatal depressive symptoms [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in glucose levels (27 mg/dL): 1.25; 95%: 1.07, 1.48]. Compared with NGT women, the association appeared stronger among women with IHG [OR: 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 3.00] than among those with GDM (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.72, 2.91) or IGT (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.59, 3.46). Neither glucose levels assessed from the GCT nor pregnancy glycaemic status were significantly associated with elevated postpartum depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy hyperglycaemia was cross-sectionally associated with higher risk of prenatal depressive symptoms, but not with postpartum depressive symptoms.
BACKGROUND:Glucose dysregulation in pregnancy may affect maternal depressive symptoms during the prenatal and postpartum periods via both physiologic and psychological pathways. METHODS: During mid-pregnancy, a combination of 50-g 1-h non-fasting glucose challenge test (GCT) and 100-g 3-h fasting oral glucose tolerance test was used to determine pregnancy glycaemic status among women participating in Project Viva: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), isolated hyperglycaemia (IHG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), we assessed depressive symptoms at mid-pregnancy and again at 6 months postpartum. We used logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors, to estimate the odds of elevated prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms (EPDS ≥ 13 on 0-30 scale) in relation to GCT glucose levels and GDM status in separate models. RESULTS: A total of 9.6% of women showed prenatal and 8.4% postpartum depressive symptoms. Women with higher GCT glucose levels were at greater odds of elevated prenatal depressive symptoms [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in glucose levels (27 mg/dL): 1.25; 95%: 1.07, 1.48]. Compared with NGT women, the association appeared stronger among women with IHG [OR: 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 3.00] than among those with GDM (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.72, 2.91) or IGT (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.59, 3.46). Neither glucose levels assessed from the GCT nor pregnancy glycaemic status were significantly associated with elevated postpartum depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION:Pregnancy hyperglycaemia was cross-sectionally associated with higher risk of prenatal depressive symptoms, but not with postpartum depressive symptoms.
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