Advances in the development of histone lysine demethylase inhibitors.

The covalent modification of histones is closely associated with regulation of gene transcription. Chromatin modifications have been suggested to represent an epigenetic code that is dynamically 'written' and 'erased' by specialized proteins, and 'read', or interpreted, by proteins that translate the code into gene expression changes. Initially thought to be an irreversible process, histone methylation is now known to be reversed by demethylases, FAD dependent amineoxidases and by iron(II)-alpha-ketoglutarate dependent deoxygenases of the Jumonji family. Altered histone demethylase activities have been associated with human disease, including cancer. The first wave of novel investigational drugs directed against KDM1A has recently entered the clinic, and the first specific inhibitor targeting a Jumonji KDM is advancing in preclinical regulatory studies.