A Rare Case of Primary Tubular Adenocarcinoma of the Thymus, Enteric Immunophenotype: A Case Study and Review of the Literature.

Thymic carcinomas are uncommon malignant tumors, and thymic adenocarcinomas are extremely rare. Here, we describe a case of primary thymic adenocarcinoma in a 59-year-old woman. Histological examination of the tumor revealed tubular morphology with expression of cytokeratin 20 and caudal-type homeobox 2 according to immunohistochemistry, suggesting enteric features. Extensive clinical and radiological studies excluded the possibility of an extrathymic primary tumor. A review of the literature revealed only two global cases of primary tubular adenocarcinomas of the thymus with enteric immunophenotype.

Thymic carcinomas are uncommon malignant tumors. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), thymic carcinomas are mostly squamous cell, lymphoepithelioma-like, or basaloid carcinomas [1]. Thymic adenocarcinomas are extraordinarily rare. We herein report a case of primary thymic adenocarcinoma with tubular morphology and enteric immunophenotype as determined by expression of cytokeratin (CK) 20 and caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2). The immunophenotype suggests metastasis from the gastrointestinal tract; however, extensive clinical evaluation revealed no extrathymic primary tumor. In addition, we review the literature to facilitate a discussion of the clinicopathologic characteristics of thymic adenocarcinoma.

CASE REPORT

A previously healthy 59-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain in the lower left quadrant that had persisted for 3 months. Endoscopic studies failed to reveal specific changes in the whole gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Imaging studies revealed an anterior mediastinal mass (Fig. 1A) and multiple lung nodules. Additionally, a whole-body positron emission tomography scan showed abnormal hyperuptake lesions in the left 10th rib and 10th vertebral body, suggesting metastasis (Fig. 1B). Laboratory tests indicated elevated levels of several serum tumor markers (carbohydrate antigen [CA] 19-9, 252.2 U/mL; CA125, 62.9 IU/mL; and carcinoembryonic antigen, 8.73 ng/mL).

Fig. 1.

Radiologic examination of the anterior mediastinum. (A) An irregularly enhancing mass (arrow) in the anterior mediastinum on a chest computed tomography scan. (B) Abnormal hyperuptake in lesions at the 10th vertebra (arrowhead) and the left 10th rib (arrow) on a wholebody positron emission tomography scan.

The surgeon prioritized surgery for this patient not only because of her aggravated symptoms, but also because the tumor had invaded the left brachiocephalic vein. Approached through a median sternotomy, an extended thymectomy and combined resection of the pericardium were performed. Incomplete resection was inevitable because of tumor invasion into the pericardium, phrenic nerve, innominate vein, and aorta.

Gross examination identified a solid mass measuring 6.8×4.7×3.9 cm. The tumor was unencapsulated and invaded the pericardium. The mass was firm and rubbery with a homogeneous gray-whitish cut surface. There was no internal fibrous septation (Fig. 2A). Microscopic examination revealed that the tumor was surrounded by normal thymic tissue and was composed of various-sized glandular structures (Fig. 2B). The tumor cells were columnar and oval, forming cystic, tubular, and cribriform structures containing necrotic material. Immunohistochemical staining showed focally positive CK7 staining and diffusely strong positive staining for CK20 and CDX2 (Fig. 2C–G) but negative staining for thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) and Napsin A. CD5 staining was positive for both tumor cells and T lymphocytes in the normal thymus parenchyma and stroma between tumor cell nests (Fig. 2H).

Fig. 2.

Pathologic examination. (A) Gross examination of the tumor reveals an ill-defined mass with pericardial invasion (arrows, pericardium). (B) Microscopically, the tumor is surrounded by normal thymic tissues. At higher magnification, the tumor is composed of glandular or tubular structures with large glands lined by tall columnar cells (C) and oval cells forming small glands (D). The tumor cells show positive staining for CK7 (E), CK20 (F), CDX2 (G), and CD5 (H). CK, cytokeratin; CDX2, caudal type homeobox 2.

Clinically, the possibility of metastatic adenocarcinoma from the lung was raised; however, the multiple small lung nodules measured less than 1 cm, and the tumor cells were negative for TTF-1 and Napsin A. Furthermore, the pathologic features suggested metastatic adenocarcinoma of enteric origin; however, physical and radiologic examinations did not reveal primary tumors elsewhere, including in the gastrointestinal tract. These observations collectively led to a pathologic diagnosis of primary thymic adenocarcinoma of enteric immunophenotype with tubular morphology. Adjunctively, extensive sampling revealed no mucin pools or papillary structures and no other histologic components such as thymic cysts, thymomas, or teratomas.

After the operation, palliative chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy were administered. The patient is alive with aggravated bone and lung metastasis after 11 months of follow-up.

DISCUSSION

Primary thymic adenocarcinoma is very rare. It was first reported in 1989 by Moriyama et al. [2] but was not accepted as a valid histologic subtype until 1997 [3]. The current WHO classification system subtypes thymic adenocarcinomas as either papillary or nonpapillary. Nonpapillary adenocarcinomas include a heterogeneous group of tumors, such as mucinous adenocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma with glandular differentiation, adenocarcinoma with adenoid cystic carcinoma features, and hepatoid carcinoma [1]. This heterogeneity, coupled with the rarity of the carcinoma, has led to a paucity of information on the specific clinicopathologic features of thymic adenocarcinoma.

According to a series of case reports in which descriptive classifications are commonly used, thymic adenocarcinomas comprise papillary [4-6], mucinous [3,7-9], glandular (or tubular) [10-12], and papillotubular [2,13,14] adenocarcinomas. In 2003, Maghbool et al. [3] reviewed 26 previous cases of reported thymic adenocarcinomas and demonstrated that the mucinous type shows a significantly worse prognosis than the papillary type. Moser et al. [12] recently reported two cases of primary thymic adenocarcinoma with CK20 and CDX2 expression, which reflects enteric differentiation, and suggested this is a novel subtype along with 11 reported thymic adenocarcinomas with enteric immunophenotype.

For this study, we also reviewed English literature of thymic adenocarcinomas, except for thymic carcinomas with adenoid cystic carcinoma features. In analysis of clinicopathologic features, including the current case, there are currently 39 reports of primary thymic adenocarcinomas, consisting of 16 mucinous adenocarcinomas (41.0%), 13 papillary adenocarcinomas (33.3%), seven tubular adenocarcinomas (17.9%), and three papillotubular adenocarcinomas (7.7%). Among these cases, information on CK20 and/or CDX2 expression was available for 20 cases, revealing that 15 were enteric type and five were not.

The morphology of these enteric-type adenocarcinomas was mucinous in 11 cases, tubular in three cases, and papillotubular in one case. Furthermore, the enteric-type adenocarcinomas and mucinous/tubular adenocarcinomas have similar clinicopathologic features. A total of seven of the 14 cases of mucinous/tubular adenocarcinomas were accompanied by thymic cysts. Moreover, mucinous/tubular adenocarcinomas showed CD5 expression more frequently (76.4%) than papillary adenocarcinomas (33.3%). Similarly, 12 of 15 enteric-type adenocarcinomas (80%) showed CD5 expression, and eight (53.3%) were accompanied by thymic cysts.

In general, low-grade histology (well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and basaloid carcinoma) [15], low Masaoka stage, and complete resection are factors known to be associated with better survival from thymic carcinoma [16,17]. Kaplan-Meier analysis of thymic adenocarcinomas revealed that modified Masaoka stage I or II disease had better disease-free survival than stage III or IV disease (p=.040). Additionally, we found that mucinous/tubular subtype showed a trend toward poorer overall survival than papillary or papillotubular subtype, in line with previous findings [3]; however, this result failed to reach statistical significance in Kaplan-Meier analysis (p=.610). Interestingly, the non-enteric type seemed to have worse prognosis than the enteric type (mean survival time, nonenteric vs enteric type, 22.1±7.4 months vs 85.6±23.1 months), especially for those with mucinous morphology (mean survival time, nonenteric vs enteric type, 7.3±4.2 months vs 91.9±24.4 months); however, the number of cases was too small to analyze for statistical significance. Other factors of sex, tumor size, associated thymic cyst or thymomas, serum tumor marker elevation, or c-kit or CD5 immunoexpression were not related to prognosis.

In summary, we report a rare case of primary tubular adenocarcinoma of the thymus with enteric immunophenotype. To the best of our knowledge, there have been only two such cases worldwide. The tumor presented at an advanced stage and demonstrated aggressive behavior. We believe that identification of more cases is essential in order to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics of primary thymic adenocarcinomas.