Qiaoyun Yang1, Yue Zhao2, Xinghua Qiu3, Chunmei Zhang2, Rong Li2, Jie Qiao4. 1. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing 100871, P.R. China. 2. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, P.R. China. 3. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing 100871, P.R. China xhqiu@pku.edu.cn jie.qiao@263.net. 4. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, P.R. China xhqiu@pku.edu.cn jie.qiao@263.net.
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION: Is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) associated with increased serum levels of typical organic pollutants? SUMMARY ANSWER: PCOS in Han females from Northern China was significantly associated with elevated serum levels of pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: PCOS is arguably the most common endocrinopathy in females of reproductive age. The etiology of PCOS is thought to be multifactorial. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This was a preliminary case-control study undertaken at the Division of Reproductive Center, Peking University Third Hospital. Fifty participants affected by PCOS and 30 normal controls were recruited between August and October 2012 from Northern China. All participants were Han women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: PCOS participants were diagnosed according to the 2003 Rotterdam criteria. The control participants were non-pregnant females unable to conceive solely due to male azoospermia. Serum levels of a wide range of organic pollutants, including PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, PAHs and more than 20 phenolic pollutants, were analyzed using gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Serum levels of PCBs, pesticides and PAHs were significantly higher in the PCOS group than the control group. Concentrations of PCBs, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and PAHs in serum above median levels were associated with PCOS with odds ratios of 3.81 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.45-10.0], 4.89 (95% CI, 1.81-13.2) and 2.39 (95% CI, 0.94-6.05), respectively. Partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) confirmed that serum levels of organic pollutants were associated with PCOS, especially for p,p'-DDE and PCBs. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Some other possible covariates (e.g. dietary and income) were missed in this study, although education and occupation have been considered as an indicator of personal income. The PLS-DA model allowed a quasi-exposome analysis with over 60 kinds of typical organic pollutants; however, the possibility of other pollutants involved in the PCOS still could not be excluded. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our study identified that bodily retention of environmental organic pollutants-including PCBs, pesticides (especially p,p'-DDE) and PAHs-was associated with PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China Grants (973 program; 2014CB943203 and 2015CB553401), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21322705, 21190051, 41121004 and 81170538), National Key Technology R&D Program in the Twelve Five-Year Plan (2012BAI32B01) and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality. There are no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: None. This is not a clinical trial.
STUDY QUESTION: Is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) associated with increased serum levels of typical organic pollutants? SUMMARY ANSWER: PCOS in Han females from Northern China was significantly associated with elevated serum levels of pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: PCOS is arguably the most common endocrinopathy in females of reproductive age. The etiology of PCOS is thought to be multifactorial. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This was a preliminary case-control study undertaken at the Division of Reproductive Center, Peking University Third Hospital. Fifty participants affected by PCOS and 30 normal controls were recruited between August and October 2012 from Northern China. All participants were Han women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS:PCOSparticipants were diagnosed according to the 2003 Rotterdam criteria. The control participants were non-pregnant females unable to conceive solely due to male azoospermia. Serum levels of a wide range of organic pollutants, including PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, PAHs and more than 20 phenolic pollutants, were analyzed using gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Serum levels of PCBs, pesticides and PAHs were significantly higher in the PCOS group than the control group. Concentrations of PCBs, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and PAHs in serum above median levels were associated with PCOS with odds ratios of 3.81 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.45-10.0], 4.89 (95% CI, 1.81-13.2) and 2.39 (95% CI, 0.94-6.05), respectively. Partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) confirmed that serum levels of organic pollutants were associated with PCOS, especially for p,p'-DDE and PCBs. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Some other possible covariates (e.g. dietary and income) were missed in this study, although education and occupation have been considered as an indicator of personal income. The PLS-DA model allowed a quasi-exposome analysis with over 60 kinds of typical organic pollutants; however, the possibility of other pollutants involved in the PCOS still could not be excluded. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our study identified that bodily retention of environmental organic pollutants-including PCBs, pesticides (especially p,p'-DDE) and PAHs-was associated with PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China Grants (973 program; 2014CB943203 and 2015CB553401), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21322705, 21190051, 41121004 and 81170538), National Key Technology R&D Program in the Twelve Five-Year Plan (2012BAI32B01) and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality. There are no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: None. This is not a clinical trial.