Breastfeeding and language outcomes: A review of the literature.

UNLABELLED: Many researchers have investigated the potential impact of breastfeeding in infancy on a child's subsequent development, but only a small subset of these studies considers language development and impairment. This paper reviews that literature, discussing postnatal neurodevelopment, potential mechanisms for dietary influences on communication outcomes, studies of typically developing children, and studies of children with communication concerns. For population based studies of language development, a modest but statistically robust relationship is seen across large samples that account for breastfeeding exclusivity. A similar protective relationship is seen in studies that evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding and language disorders; effect sizes are typically larger in these papers. Implications for researchers and service providers are reviewed. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Readers will be able to describe possible mechanisms by which early diet might influence neurodevelopment. They will be able to describe the relationships observed between diet in infancy and language outcomes in large population-based studies, as well as the trends observed in studies of the relationship between infant diet and communication impairment.