Cluster headache management and beyond.

The therapeutic management of cluster headache is based on a very stable triad of drugs. Acute treatment has, in subcutaneous sumatriptan, its gold standard if compared to pure oxygen or indomethacin. Preventative treatment is based on verapamil at high doses (≥ 360 mg) and is a gold standard if compared to lithium carbonate or topiramate. Transitional treatments, based on the short-term use of corticosteroids with either systemic or local administration (GON), can be useful for the suppression of most resistant cluster periods, but with a well-known carry-over phenomenon related to the length of the cluster period itself. The role of invasive or noninvasive neuromodulation approaches must still be determined on a large scale; therefore, its use is not recommended as of yet. Lifestyle changes, including alcohol avoidance during the active phase of the disease, sleep hygiene and use of vasodilation drugs, should be carefully considered and the patients should be fully informed.