Darko Kastelan1, Ivana Kraljevic2, Tina Dusek3, Nikola Knezevic2, Mirsala Solak2, Bojana Gardijan2, Marko Kralik2, Tamara Poljicanin2, Tanja Skoric-Polovina2, Zeljko Kastelan3. 1. Department of EndocrinologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of UrologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital Merkur, Zajceva 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of RadiologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCroatian Institute of Public HealthRockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Department of EndocrinologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of UrologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital Merkur, Zajceva 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of RadiologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCroatian Institute of Public HealthRockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia darko.kastelan@kbc-zagreb.hr. 2. Department of EndocrinologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of UrologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital Merkur, Zajceva 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of RadiologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCroatian Institute of Public HealthRockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. 3. Department of EndocrinologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of UrologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital Merkur, Zajceva 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of RadiologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCroatian Institute of Public HealthRockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Department of EndocrinologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of UrologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital Merkur, Zajceva 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of RadiologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCroatian Institute of Public HealthRockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The current guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentaloma advise hormonal and radiological follow-up of patients for 2-5 years after the initial diagnosis. However, the vast majority of adrenal incidentaloma are non-functional benign cortical adenomas that require no treatment, so the routine application of the current strategies often results in a number of unnecessary biochemical and radiological investigations. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical course of patients with adrenal incidentaloma and to provide a critical review of the current management strategy of the disease. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study performed in the Croatian Referral Center for adrenal gland disorders. The study included 319 consecutive patients with adrenal incidentaloma, 174 of which were followed for at least 24 months. RESULTS: The vast majority of patients were diagnosed with benign adrenal masses, whereas in about 5% of them adrenal tumor corresponded to adrenal carcinoma or metastasis. Tumor density was found to be superior to tumor size in distinguishing benign adrenal masses from malignant tumors and pheochromocytomas. During the follow-up, no patient demonstrated a clinically significant increase in tumor size. In addition, no changes, either in metanephrines and normetanephrines or in the activity of renin-aldosterone axis, were observed during the follow-up. Six patients developed subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) whereas eight patients with SCS showed biochemical remission during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that the risk of an adrenal mass initially diagnosed as benign and non-functional becoming malignant or hormonally active is extremely low. Therefore, the clinical management of those patients should be tailored on an individual basis in order to avoid unnecessary procedures.
OBJECTIVE: The current guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentaloma advise hormonal and radiological follow-up of patients for 2-5 years after the initial diagnosis. However, the vast majority of adrenal incidentaloma are non-functional benign cortical adenomas that require no treatment, so the routine application of the current strategies often results in a number of unnecessary biochemical and radiological investigations. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical course of patients with adrenal incidentaloma and to provide a critical review of the current management strategy of the disease. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study performed in the Croatian Referral Center for adrenal gland disorders. The study included 319 consecutive patients with adrenal incidentaloma, 174 of which were followed for at least 24 months. RESULTS: The vast majority of patients were diagnosed with benign adrenal masses, whereas in about 5% of them adrenal tumor corresponded to adrenal carcinoma or metastasis. Tumor density was found to be superior to tumor size in distinguishing benign adrenal masses from malignant tumors and pheochromocytomas. During the follow-up, no patient demonstrated a clinically significant increase in tumor size. In addition, no changes, either in metanephrines and normetanephrines or in the activity of renin-aldosterone axis, were observed during the follow-up. Six patients developed subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) whereas eight patients with SCS showed biochemical remission during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that the risk of an adrenal mass initially diagnosed as benign and non-functional becoming malignant or hormonally active is extremely low. Therefore, the clinical management of those patients should be tailored on an individual basis in order to avoid unnecessary procedures.
Authors: Romy R de Haan; Johannes B R Visser; Ewoud Pons; Richard A Feelders; Uzay Kaymak; M G Myriam Hunink; Jacob J Visser Journal: Eur J Radiol Open Date: 2017-09-07
Authors: Christoph F Dietrich; Jean Michel Correas; Yi Dong; Christian Nolsoe; Susan Campbell Westerway; Christian Jenssen Journal: Ultrasonography Date: 2019-07-09