| Literature DB >> 26018786 |
Manuela Alcañiz, Pilar Brugulat, Montserrat Guillén, Antonia Medina-Bustos, Anna Mompart-Penina, Aïda Solé-Auró.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of individuals at risk of dependence and its associated factors. METHODS The study was based on data from the Catalan Health Survey, Spain conducted in 2010 and 2011. Logistic regression models from a random sample of 3,842 individuals aged ≥ 15 years were used to classify individuals according to the state of their personal autonomy. Predictive models were proposed to identify indicators that helped distinguish dependent individuals from those at risk of dependence. Variables on health status, social support, and lifestyles were considered. RESULTS We found that 18.6% of the population presented a risk of dependence, especially after age 65. Compared with this group, individuals who reported dependence (11.0%) had difficulties performing activities of daily living and had to receive support to perform them. Habits such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and being sedentary were associated with a higher probability of dependence, particularly for women. CONCLUSIONS Difficulties in carrying out activities of daily living precede the onset of dependence. Preserving personal autonomy and function without receiving support appear to be a preventive factor. Adopting an active and healthy lifestyle helps reduce the risk of dependence.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26018786 PMCID: PMC4544523 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005585
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
FigureDetection and characterization of the population at risk of dependence. Catalonia, Spain, 2010 to 2011.
Prevalence of dependence by sex. Catalonia, Spain, 2010 to 2011.
| Variable | Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence | 95%CI | Prevalence | 95%CI | |
| Dependent | 7.7 | 6.6;8.9 | 14.1 | 12.3;15.8 |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 15 to 44 | 4.2 | 2.9;5.5 | 3.8 | 2.3;5.4 |
| 45 to 64 | 6.4 | 4.4;8.5 | 11.2 | 8.3;14.2 |
| 65 to 74 | 10.2 | 5.6;14.7 | 21.2 | 15.2;27.1 |
| 75 to 84 | 26.9 | 18.8;35.0 | 45.5 | 37.0;53.9 |
| 85 and older | 59.8 | 49.7;69.9 | 76.9 | 69.2;84.5 |
| Education level | ||||
| Elementary or no education | 17.6 | 14.2;21.0 | 30.5 | 26.8;34.2 |
| Secondary school | 4.9 | 3.6;6.2 | 8.2 | 6.3;10.0 |
| University education | 4.5 | 2.1;6.9 | 5.9 | 3.2;8.6 |
| Use of healthcare services | ||||
| Emergency care | ||||
| Yes | 11.0 | 8.5;13.6 | 20.0 | 16.9;23.1 |
| No | 6.3 | 5.1;7.5 | 10.6 | 9.0;12.3 |
| Hospitalization | ||||
| Yes | 27.4 | 20.2;34.6 | 28.0 | 22.5;33.5 |
| No | 6.1 | 5.0;7.2 | 12.5 | 10.8;14.3 |
| Use of medication | ||||
| Yes | 11.5 | 9.7;13.3 | 17.8 | 15.7;20.0 |
| No | 3.0 | 1.8;4.2 | 2.2 | 0.8;3.5 |
| EQ-5D dimensions | ||||
| Walking problems | ||||
| Some/Many problems | 43.3 | 36.4;50.1 | 57.9 | 52.9;62.9 |
| No problems | 3.4 | 2.6;4.3 | 4.5 | 3.3;5.6 |
| Problems washing/Dressing | ||||
| Some/Many problems | 80.5 | 71.6;89.3 | 85.1 | 80.4;89.8 |
| No problems | 4.8 | 3.8;5.7 | 8.9 | 7.4;10.3 |
| Problems in activities of daily living | ||||
| Some/Many problems | 63.2 | 56.0;70.4 | 72.5 | 66.9;78.0 |
| No problems | 3.1 | 2.3;4.0 | 4.7 | 3.5;5.8 |
| Pain or discomfort | ||||
| Moderate/Intense | 21.1 | 17.4;24.9 | 30.0 | 26.6;33.4 |
| None | 3.8 | 2.9;4.8 | 3.4 | 2.5;4.4 |
| Anxiety or depression | ||||
| Moderate/Intense | 22.9 | 17.9;27.9 | 35.3 | 31.0;39.6 |
| None | 5.3 | 4.2;6.3 | 7.1 | 5.8;8.3 |
| Self-evaluated chronic disorder | ||||
| Yes | 15.6 | 12.7;18.5 | 28.8 | 25.5;32.1 |
| No | 3.8 | 2.8;4.8 | 4.0 | 2.9;5.1 |
| Affective social support | ||||
| Low | 27.1 | 14.7;39.5 | 23.4 | 14.4;32.4 |
| Normal | 7.2 | 6.1;8.3 | 13.7 | 12.0;15.4 |
| Confidential social support | ||||
| Low | 27.2 | 20.5;33.9 | 25.8 | 18.0;33.6 |
| Normal | 6.5 | 5.5;7.6 | 13.2 | 11.5;15.0 |
| Support for activities of daily living | ||||
| Receive help | 85.3 | 78.1;92.6 | 89.6 | 84.6;94.5 |
| Do not receive/Do not need help | 4.7 | 3.7;5.7 | 6.5 | 5.3;7.7 |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Tobacco consumption | ||||
| Smoker | 4.7 | 3.0;6.3 | 6.6 | 4.0;9.2 |
| Ex-smoker/Non-smoker | 7.4 | 5.9;8.9 | 13.9 | 11.9;15.9 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Risk-level drinker | 4.1 | 0.4;7.7 | 12.5 | 1.4;23.6 |
| Non-drinker/Moderate | 6.7 | 5.5;7.8 | 12.1 | 10.5;13.8 |
| Sedentary lifestyle | ||||
| Yes | 18.2 | 14.6;21.7 | 29.0 | 24.7;33.2 |
| No | 3.0 | 2.1;3.8 | 5.7 | 4.4;7.1 |
| Sample size, N | 1,918 | – | 1,924 | – |
Source: Catalan Health Survey (ESCA) 2010-2011. Population aged ≥ 15 years.
EQ-5D: European Quality of Life questionnaire (5 dimensions)
Logistic regression for the presence of dependence by sex (odds-ratios). Catalonia, Spain, 2010 to 2011.
| Variable | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| Age group (years) | ||
| 15 to 44 | – | – |
| 45 to 64 | 1.1 | 3.0a |
| 65 to 74 | 1.1 | 5.2a |
| 75 to 84 | 2.9a | 13.1a |
| 85 and older | 12.7a | 55.4a |
| Education level | ||
| Elementary and no education | – | – |
| Secondary | 0.4a | 0.6b |
| University education | 0.3a | 0.6c |
| Emergencies | 1.2 | 2.2a |
| Hospitalization | 3.5a | 2.3a |
| Use of medication | 2.2a | 3.5a |
|
| ||
| N | 1,917 | 1,923 |
| LR p-value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| % correct classification | 80.9 | 83.3 |
Source: Catalan Health Survey, 2010-2011.
LR: likelihood ratio
OR significance: a1.0%; b5.0%; c10.0%.
(–) Reference category.
Estimated population (in thousands of individuals) according to the presence or risk of dependence by age groups and sex. Catalonia, Spain, 2010 to 2011.
| Variable | Dependent | Not dependent but at risk | Not dependent and not at risk | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| 15 to 64 years old | Men | 131 | 5.0 | 275 | 10.4 | 2,225 | 84.6 |
| Women | 166 | 6.6 | 217 | 8.6 | 2,144 | 84.8 | |
| Total | 297 | 5.8 | 492 | 9.5 | 4,369 | 84.7 | |
|
| |||||||
| ≥ 65 years old | Men | 114 | 21.4 | 282 | 52.9 | 137 | 25.7 |
| Women | 291 | 40.0 | 420 | 57.8 | 16 | 2.2 | |
| Total | 405 | 32.1 | 702 | 55.7 | 153 | 12.2 | |
|
| |||||||
| Total | Men | 245 | 7.7 | 557 | 17.6 | 2,362 | 74.7 |
| Women | 457 | 14.1 | 637 | 19.6 | 2,160 | 66.4 | |
| Total | 702 | 11.0 | 1,194 | 18.6 | 4,522 | 70.4 | |
Source: Catalan Health Survey (ESCA) 2010-2011. Population aged ≥ 15 years.
Percentages added up to 100% in each row.
Logistic regression models to explain the differences between the population who declares itself dependent and its respective at-risk population (odds-ratios), by age groups and sex. Catalonia, Spain, 2010 to 2011.
| Variable | 15 to 64 years old | ≥ 65 years old | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Problems | ||||||
| Walking | 3.7b | 0.8 | 1.1 | 2.9b | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| Washing and dressing | 2.0 | 0.2 | 5.1b | 2.0 | 3.7b | 1.2 |
| Activities of daily living | 0.6 | 6.9a | 5.0b | 2.0c | 2.7b | 3.2a |
| Pain or discomfort | 2.0c | 2.4c | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.6c |
| Anxiety or depression | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.0c | 1.3 | 2.0b |
| Self-reported chronic disorder | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.7c | 0.7 | 1.7c | 0.8 |
| Affective social support | 0.8b | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9c | 1.1c |
| Confidential social support | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9b | 1.0 | 0.9c |
| Support for activities of daily living | –d | –d | 14.5a | 11.5a | 11.7a | 11.3a |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Smoking | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 2.2b |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.6 | 24.4a | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 12.2a |
| Sedentary lifestyle | 1.9c | 2.0 | 1.3 | 5.1a | 1.3 | 3.4a |
|
| ||||||
| N | 250 | 233 | 307 | 413 | 557 | 646 |
| LR p-value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| % correct classification | 82.2 | 83.2 | 91.6 | 84.9 | 86.1 | 83.8 |
Source: Catalan Health Survey (ESCA) 2010-2011. Population aged ≥ 15 years.
LR: likelihood ratio
OR significance: a1.0%; b5.0%; c10.0%.
d In the studied subsample, all dependent individuals and only those who receive support for activities of daily living.
FiguraDetección y caracterización de la población en riesgo de dependencia. Cataluña, España, 2010 a 2011.
Prevalencia de dependencia por sexo. Cataluña, España, 2010 a 2011.
| Variable | Hombres | Mujeres | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalencia | IC95% | Prevalencia | IC95% | |
| Dependientes | 7,7 | 6,6;8,9 | 14,1 | 12,3;15,8 |
| Grupo de edad (años) | ||||
| 15 a 44 | 4,2 | 2,9;5,5 | 3,8 | 2,3;5,4 |
| 45 a 64 | 6,4 | 4,4;8,5 | 11,2 | 8,3;14,2 |
| 65 a 74 | 10,2 | 5,6;14,7 | 21,2 | 15,2;27,1 |
| 75 a 84 | 26,9 | 18,8;35,0 | 45,5 | 37,0;53,9 |
| 85 y más | 59,8 | 49,7;69,9 | 76,9 | 69,2;84,5 |
| Nivel de estudios | ||||
| Primarios y sin estudios | 17,6 | 14,2;21,0 | 30,5 | 26,8;34,2 |
| Secundarios | 4,9 | 3,6;6,2 | 8,2 | 6,3;10,0 |
| Universitarios | 4,5 | 2,1;6,9 | 5,9 | 3,2;8,6 |
| Utilización de servicios sanitarios | ||||
| Urgencias | ||||
| Sí | 11,0 | 8,5;13,6 | 20,0 | 16,9;23,1 |
| No | 6,3 | 5,1;7,5 | 10,6 | 9,0;12,3 |
| Hospitalización | ||||
| Sí | 27,4 | 20,2;34,6 | 28,0 | 22,5;33,5 |
| No | 6,1 | 5,0;7,2 | 12,5 | 10,8;14,3 |
| Consumo de medicamentos | ||||
| Sí | 11,5 | 9,7;13,3 | 17,8 | 15,7;20,0 |
| No | 3,0 | 1,8;4,2 | 2,2 | 0,8;3,5 |
| Dimensiones EQ-5D | ||||
| Problemas para caminar | ||||
| Tiene algunos/Muchos | 43,3 | 36,4;50,1 | 57,9 | 52,9;62,9 |
| No tiene | 3,4 | 2,6;4,3 | 4,5 | 3,3;5,6 |
| Problemas para lavarse/Vestirse | ||||
| Tiene algunos/Muchos | 80,5 | 71,6;89,3 | 85,1 | 80,4;89,8 |
| No tiene | 4,8 | 3,8;5,7 | 8,9 | 7,4;10,3 |
| Problemas actividades vida cotidiana | ||||
| Tiene algunos/Muchos | 63,2 | 56,0;70,4 | 72,5 | 66,9;78,0 |
| No tiene | 3,1 | 2,3;4,0 | 4,7 | 3,5;5,8 |
| Dolor o malestar | ||||
| Tiene moderado/Intenso | 21,1 | 17,4;24,9 | 30,0 | 26,6;33,4 |
| No tiene | 3,8 | 2,9;4,8 | 3,4 | 2,5;4,4 |
| Ansiedad o depresión | ||||
| Tiene moderada/Intensa | 22,9 | 17,9;27,9 | 35,3 | 31,0;39,6 |
| No tiene | 5,3 | 4,2;6,3 | 7,1 | 5,8;8,3 |
| Trastorno crónico autopercibido | ||||
| Sí | 15,6 | 12,7;18,5 | 28,8 | 25,5;32,1 |
| No | 3,8 | 2,8;4,8 | 4,0 | 2,9;5,1 |
| Apoyo social afectivo | ||||
| Bajo | 27,1 | 14,7;39,5 | 23,4 | 14,4;32,4 |
| Normal | 7,2 | 6,1;8,3 | 13,7 | 12,0;15,4 |
| Apoyo social confidencial | ||||
| Bajo | 27,2 | 20,5;33,9 | 25,8 | 18,0;33,6 |
| Normal | 6,5 | 5,5;7,6 | 13,2 | 11,5;15,0 |
| Apoyo en actividades cotidianas | ||||
| Recibe ayuda | 85,3 | 78,1;92,6 | 89,6 | 84,6;94,5 |
| No recibe/No necesita ayuda | 4,7 | 3,7;5,7 | 6,5 | 5,3;7,7 |
| Factores de riesgo | ||||
| Consumo de tabaco | ||||
| Fumador | 4,7 | 3,0;6,3 | 6,6 | 4,0;9,2 |
| Exfumador/No fumador | 7,4 | 5,9;8,9 | 13,9 | 11,9;15,9 |
| Consumo de alcohol | ||||
| Bebedor de riesgo | 4,1 | 0,4;7,7 | 12,5 | 1,4;23,6 |
| No bebedor/Moderado | 6,7 | 5,5;7,8 | 12,1 | 10,5;13,8 |
| Sedentarismo | ||||
| Sí | 18,2 | 14,6;21,7 | 29,0 | 24,7;33,2 |
| No | 3,0 | 2,1;3,8 | 5,7 | 4,4;7,1 |
| Tamaño muestral, N | 1.918 | – | 1.924 | – |
Fuente: Encuesta de Salud de Cataluña (ESCA) 2010-2011. Población de 15 años y más.
EQ-5D: cuestionario European Quality of Life (5 dimensiones)
Regresión logística para la presencia de dependencia por sexo (odds-ratios). Cataluña, España, 2010 a 2011.
| Variable | Hombres | Mujeres |
|---|---|---|
| Grupo de edad (años) | ||
| 15 a 44 | – | – |
| 45 a 64 | 1,1 | 3,0a |
| 65 a 74 | 1,1 | 5,2a |
| 75 a 84 | 2,9a | 13,1a |
| 85 y más | 12,7a | 55,4a |
| Nivel de estudios | ||
| Primarios y sin estudios | – | – |
| Secundarios | 0,4a | 0,6b |
| Universitarios | 0,3a | 0,6c |
| Urgencias | 1,2 | 2,2a |
| Hospitalización | 3,5a | 2,3a |
| Consumo de medicamentos | 2,2a | 3,5a |
|
| ||
| N | 1.917 | 1.923 |
| P-valor de la RV | < 0,001 | < 0,001 |
| % clasificación correcta | 80,9 | 83,3 |
Fuente: Encuesta de Salud de Cataluña, 2010-2011.
RV: razón de verosimilitud
Significación OR: a1,0%; b5,0%; c10,0%.
(–) Categoría de referencia.
Población estimada (miles de personas) según la presencia o riesgo de dependencia, por grupos de edad y sexo. Cataluña, España, 2010 a 2011.
| Variable | Presenta | No presenta, pero tiene riesgo | No presenta y no tiene riesgo | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| 15 a 64 años | Hombres | 131 | 5,0 | 275 | 10,4 | 2.225 | 84,6 |
| Mujeres | 166 | 6,6 | 217 | 8,6 | 2.144 | 84,8 | |
| Total | 297 | 5,8 | 492 | 9,5 | 4.369 | 84,7 | |
|
| |||||||
| ≥ 65 años | Hombres | 114 | 21,4 | 282 | 52,9 | 137 | 25,7 |
| Mujeres | 291 | 40,0 | 420 | 57,8 | 16 | 2,2 | |
| Total | 405 | 32,1 | 702 | 55,7 | 153 | 12,2 | |
|
| |||||||
| Total | Hombres | 245 | 7,7 | 557 | 17,6 | 2.362 | 74,7 |
| Mujeres | 457 | 14,1 | 637 | 19,6 | 2.160 | 66,4 | |
| Total | 702 | 11,0 | 1.194 | 18,6 | 4.522 | 70,4 | |
Fuente: Encuesta de Salud de Cataluña, 2010-2011. Población de 15 años y más.
Los porcentajes suman 100% en cada fila.
Modelos de regresión logística para explicar las diferencias entre la población que declara dependencia y su respectiva población en riesgo (odds-ratios), por grupos de edad y sexo. Cataluña, España, 2010 a 2011.
| Variable | 15 a 64 años | ≥ 65 años | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Hombres | Mujeres | Hombres | Mujeres | Hombres | Mujeres | |
| Problemas para | ||||||
| Caminar | 3,7b | 0,8 | 1,1 | 2,9b | 1,3 | 1,3 |
| Lavarse y vestirse | 2,0 | 0,2 | 5,1b | 2,0 | 3,7b | 1,2 |
| Actividades cotidianas | 0,6 | 6,9a | 5,0b | 2,0c | 2,7b | 3,2a |
| Dolor o malestar | 2,0c | 2,4c | 0,7 | 1,2 | 1,2 | 1,6c |
| Ansiedad o depresión | 1,4 | 1,4 | 1,7 | 2,0c | 1,3 | 2,0b |
| Trastorno crónico autopercibido | 1,2 | 0,8 | 2,7c | 0,7 | 1,7c | 0,8 |
| Apoyo social afectivo | 0,8b | 1,1 | 0,9 | 1,1 | 0,9c | 1,1c |
| Apoyo social confidencial | 1,1 | 1,0 | 0,9 | 0,9b | 1,0 | 0,9c |
| Apoyo en actividades cotidianas | –d | –d | 14,5a | 11,5a | 11,7a | 11,3a |
| Factores de riesgo | ||||||
| Fumador | 0,6 | 1,7 | 0,7 | 1,8 | 1,0 | 2,2b |
| Consumo de alcohol | 0,6 | 24,4a | 0,1 | 0,7 | 0,5 | 12,2a |
| Sedentarismo | 1,9c | 2,0 | 1,3 | 5,1a | 1,3 | 3,4a |
|
| ||||||
| N | 250 | 233 | 307 | 413 | 557 | 646 |
| P-valor de la RV | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 |
| % clasificación correcta | 82,2 | 83,2 | 91,6 | 84,9 | 86,1 | 83,8 |
Fuente: Encuesta de Salud de Cataluña (ESCA) 2010-2011. Población de 15 años y más.
RV: razón de verosimilitud
Significación OR: a1,0%; b5,0%; c10,0%.
d En la submuestra estudiada, la totalidad de los dependientes y solo ellos reciben apoyo en las actividades cotidianas.