| Literature DB >> 26018784 |
Paulo Roberto Barbato, Marco Aurélio Peres, Doroteia Aparecida Höfelmann, Karen Glazer Peres.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze whether socioeconomic conditions and the period of availability of fluoridated water are associated with the number of teeth present. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,720 adults between 20 and 59 years of age who resided in Florianópolis, SC, Southern Brazil, in 2009. The outcome investigated was the self-reported number of teeth present. The individual independent variables included gender, age range, skin color, number of years of schooling, and per capita household income. The duration of residence was used as a control variable. The contextual exposures included the period of availability of fluoridated water to the households and the socioeconomic variable for the census tracts, which was created from factor analysis of the tract's mean income, education level, and percentage of households with treated water. Multilevel logistic regression was performed and inter-level interactions were tested. RESULTS Residents in intermediate and poorer areas and those with fluoridated water available for less time exhibited the presence of fewer teeth compared with those in better socioeconomic conditions and who had fluoridated water available for a longer period (OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01;1.02). There was an association between the period of availability of fluoridated water, per capita household income and number of years of education. The proportion of individuals in the poorer and less-educated stratum, which had fewer teeth present, was higher in regions where fluoridated water had been available for less time. CONCLUSIONS Poor socioeconomic conditions and a shorter period of availability of fluoridated water were associated with the probability of having fewer teeth in adulthood. Public policies aimed at reducing socioeconomic inequalities and increasing access to health services such as fluoridation of the water supply may help to reduce tooth loss in the future.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26018784 PMCID: PMC4544344 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005535
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Descriptive statistics and prevalence of tooth loss among adults according to sociodemographic variables at the individual and contextual levels. Florianópolis, SC, Southern Brazil, 2009. (N = 1,720)
| Variable | Fewer teeth present | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | % | 95%CI | |
| Individual Level | ||||
| gender (N = 1,720) | ||||
| Masculine | 761 | 44.2 | 17.2 | 14.7;20.1 |
| Feminine | 959 | 55.8 | 20.1 | 17.6;22.7 |
| Age group (years) (N = 1,720) | ||||
| 20 to 39 | 932 | 54.2 | 4.7 | 3.1;7.0 |
| 40 to 59 | 788 | 45.8 | 34.6 | 29.7;39.9 |
| Skin color (N = 1,712) | ||||
| White | 1,534 | 89.6 | 18.3 | 16.5;20.4 |
| Brown ( | 99 | 5.8 | 25.2 | 17.7;34.6 |
| Black | 79 | 4.6 | 19.0 | 11.9;29.0 |
| Years of education (N = 1,704) | ||||
| ≥ 12 | 737 | 43.3 | 7.7 | 6.0;9.9 |
| 9 to 11 | 568 | 33.3 | 17.2 | 14.4;20.6 |
| 5 to 8 | 253 | 14.8 | 32.1 | 26.7;38.1 |
| ≤ 4 | 146 | 8.6 | 55.9 | 47.7;63.7 |
| | ||||
| 3rd tertile | 573 | 33.4 | 10.3 | 8.1;13.1 |
| 2nd tertile | 573 | 33.3 | 19.6 | 16.5;23.0 |
| 1st tertile | 573 | 33.3 | 26.6 | 23.2;30.4 |
|
| ||||
| Length of residence in the same location in months | N | Mean | SD | |
|
| ||||
| 1,720 | 164.7 | 158.9 | ||
|
| ||||
| Contextual level | ||||
| Period of availability of fluoridated water (years) (N = 1,720) | ||||
| 27 (1982) | 1,224 | 71.2 | 18.4 | 16.3;20.7 |
| 13 (1996) | 496 | 28.8 | 19.8 | 16.5;23.5 |
| Socioeconomic variable for the census tract (N = 1,720) | ||||
| Richer area | 683 | 39.7 | 11.3 | 9.1;13.9 |
| Intermediate area | 469 | 27.3 | 19.7 | 16.3;23.5 |
| Poorer area | 568 | 33.0 | 27.2 | 23.7;31.0 |
Multilevel logistic regression analysis of individual and contextual variables associated with tooth loss. Florianópolis, SC, Southern Brazil, 2009.
| Variable | Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | Model 4* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
| Contextual | ||||||||
| Socioeconomic variable | ||||||||
| Richer area | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Intermediate area | 2.13 | 2.05;2.21 | 2.13 | 2.05;2.22 | 2.26 | 2.17;2.35 | 1.68 | 1.61;1.75 |
| Poorer area | 3.00 | 2.89;3.10 | 3.00 | 2.89;3.11 | 3.65 | 3.52;3.79 | 1.56 | 1.50;1.62 |
| Period of availability of fluoridated water (years) | ||||||||
| 27 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 13 | 0.99 | 0.99;1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00;1.01 | 1.02 | 1.01;1.02 | ||
| Individual | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Masculine | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Feminine | 1.12 | 1.09;1.15 | 1.07 | 1.03;1.10 | ||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||
| 20 to 39 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 40 to 59 | 11.21 | 10.82;11.61 | 11.50 | 11.08;11.94 | ||||
| Skin color | ||||||||
| White | 1 | |||||||
| Brown ( | 1.15 | 1.10;1.21 | ||||||
| Black | 0.89 | 0.83;0.95 | ||||||
| Years of education | ||||||||
| ≥ 12 | 1 | |||||||
| 9 to 11 | 2.25 | 2.16;2.34 | ||||||
| 5 to 8 | 4.22 | 4.03;4.42 | ||||||
| ≤ 4 | 5.66 | 5.36;5.97 | ||||||
| | ||||||||
| 3rd tertile | 1 | |||||||
| 2nd tertile | 1.66 | 1.60;1.73 | ||||||
| 1st tertile | 2.34 | 2.24;2.44 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||
| 2nd level variance | 0.31 | 0.29;0.33 | 0.31 | 0.29;0.33 | 0.25 | 0.22;0.27 | 0.21 | 0.18;0.25 |
| ICC (%) | 2.90 | 2.56;3.29 | 2.90 | 2.56;3.29 | 1.84 | 1.50;2.25 | 1.35 | 0.97;1.87 |
ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; OR: odds ratio
* p > 0.001 for all model variables, except for the period of availability of fluoridated water in model 2 (p = 0.006) and skin color in model 3 (p = 0.513).
All models were adjusted for the length of residence in the same location.
Figure 1Interaction between period of availability of fluoridated water and per capita household income with tooth loss and edentulousness. Florianópolis, SC, Southern Brazil, 2009.
Figure 2Interaction between period of availability of fluoridated water and years of education completed per capita with tooth loss and edentulousness. Florianópolis, SC, Southern Brazil, 2009.
Estatística descritiva e prevalência de menor número de dentes presentes, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas nos níveis individual e contextual entre adultos. Florianópolis, SC, 2009. (N = 1.720)
| Variável | Menos dentes presentes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | % | IC95% | |
| Nível individual | ||||
| Sexo (N = 1.720) | ||||
| Masculino | 761 | 44,2 | 17,2 | 14,7;20,1 |
| Feminino | 959 | 55,8 | 20,1 | 17,6;22,7 |
| Faixa etária (anos) (N = 1.720) | ||||
| 20 a 39 | 932 | 54,2 | 4,7 | 3,1;7,0 |
| 40 a 59 | 788 | 45,8 | 34,6 | 29,7;39,9 |
| Cor da pele (N = 1.712) | ||||
| Branca | 1.534 | 89,6 | 18,3 | 16,5;20,4 |
| Parda | 99 | 5,8 | 25,2 | 17,7;34,6 |
| Preta | 79 | 4,6 | 19,0 | 11,9;29,0 |
| Anos de estudo (N = 1.704) | ||||
| ≥ 12 | 737 | 43,3 | 7,7 | 6,0;9,9 |
| 9 a 11 | 568 | 33,3 | 17,2 | 14,4;20,6 |
| 5 a 8 | 253 | 14,8 | 32,1 | 26,7;38,1 |
| ≤ 4 | 146 | 8,6 | 55,9 | 47,7;63,7 |
| Renda | ||||
| 3º tercil | 573 | 33,4 | 10,3 | 8,1;13,1 |
| 2º tercil | 573 | 33,3 | 19,6 | 16,5;23,0 |
| 1º tercil | 573 | 33,3 | 26,6 | 23,2;30,4 |
|
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| Residir no mesmo endereço em meses | n | Média | dp | |
|
| ||||
| 1.720 | 164,7 | 158,9 | ||
|
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| Nível contextual | ||||
| Disponibilidade de água fluoretada em anos (N = 1.720) | ||||
| 27 (1982) | 1.224 | 71,2 | 18,4 | 16,3;20,7 |
| 13 (1996) | 496 | 28,8 | 19,8 | 16,5;23,5 |
| Variável socioeconômica para o setor censitário (N = 1.720) | ||||
| Área mais rica | 683 | 39,7 | 11,3 | 9,1;13,9 |
| Área intermediária | 469 | 27,3 | 19,7 | 16,3;23,5 |
| Área mais pobre | 568 | 33,0 | 27,2 | 23,7;31,0 |
Análise de regressão logística multinível de variáveis contextuais e individuais associadas à perda dentária. Florianópolis, SC, 2009.
| Variável | Modelo 1* | Modelo 2* | Modelo 3* | Modelo 4* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | IC95% | OR | IC95% | OR | IC95% | OR | IC95% | |
| Contextuais | ||||||||
| Variável socioeconômica | ||||||||
| Área mais rica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Área intermediária | 2,13 | 2,05;2,21 | 2,13 | 2,05;2,22 | 2,26 | 2,17;2,35 | 1,68 | 1,61;1,75 |
| Área mais pobre | 3,00 | 2,89;3,10 | 3,00 | 2,89;3,11 | 3,65 | 3,52;3,79 | 1,56 | 1,50;1,62 |
| Disponibilidade de água fluoretada (anos) | ||||||||
| 27 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 13 | 0,99 | 0,99;1,00 | 1,01 | 1,00;1,01 | 1,02 | 1,01;1,02 | ||
| Individuais | ||||||||
| Sexo | ||||||||
| Masculino | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Feminino | 1,12 | 1,09;1,15 | 1,07 | 1,03;1,10 | ||||
| Faixa etária (anos) | ||||||||
| 20 a 39 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 40 a 59 | 11,21 | 10,82;11,61 | 11,50 | 11,08;11,94 | ||||
| Cor da pele | ||||||||
| Branca | 1 | |||||||
| Parda | 1,15 | 1,10;1,21 | ||||||
| Preta | 0,89 | 0,83;0,95 | ||||||
| Anos de estudo | ||||||||
|
| 1 | |||||||
| 9 a 11 | 2,25 | 2,16;2,34 | ||||||
| 5 a 8 | 4,22 | 4,03;4,42 | ||||||
|
| 5,66 | 5,36;5,97 | ||||||
| Renda | ||||||||
| 3º tercil | 1 | |||||||
| 2º tercil | 1,66 | 1,60;1,73 | ||||||
| 1º tercil | 2,34 | 2,24;2,44 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Variância do 2º nível | 0,31 | 0,29;0,33 | 0,31 | 0,29;0,33 | 0,25 | 0,22;0,27 | 0,21 | 0,18;0,25 |
| ICC (%) | 2,90 | 2,56;3,29 | 2,90 | 2,56;3,29 | 1,84 | 1,50;2,25 | 1,35 | 0,97;1,87 |
ICC: coeficiente de correlação intraclasse; OR: odds ratio (razões de chance)
* p-valor > 0,001 para todas as variáveis dos modelos, exceto para disponibilidade de água fluoretada no modelo 2 (p = 0,006) e cor da pele no modelo 3 (p = 0,513).
Todos os modelos foram ajustados pelo tempo de residência no mesmo endereço.
Figura 1Interação entre tempo de disponibilidade de água fluoretada e renda per capita familiar para proporção de pessoas com menor número de dentes presentes ou edêntulas. Florianópolis, SC, 2009.
Figura 2Interação entre tempo de disponibilidade de água fluoretada e número de anos de estudo completados para proporção de pessoas com menor número de dentes presentes ou edêntulas. Florianópolis, SC, 2009.