Methyl CpG binding protein 2 deficiency enhances expression of inflammatory cytokines by sustaining NF-κB signaling in myeloid derived cells.

Knocking down methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) enhances NF-κB activation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In this study, we examined whether this caused the expression of cytokines to be elevated. Increased levels of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-3 mRNAs were observed in human PBMC made MeCP2 deficient with a lentiviral shRNA MeCP2 vector and in splenocytes from MeCP2-null mice. TNFα neutralizing antibody attenuated expression of IL-6 and TNFα but did not affect expression of IL-3. Lipopolysaccharide-mediated increases in TNFα, IL-6, and IL-3 mRNAs were also enhanced in MeCP2-deficient PBMC. Two inhibitors of NF-κB blocked the increased levels of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-3 in MeCP2-deficient PBMC treated with lipopolysaccharide. MeCP2 deficiency also enhanced expression of IL-6 and TNFα mRNAs in the THP1 human monocyte cell line, which were also attenuated by the NF-κB inhibitors. In chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, the binding of the NF-κB family member p65 and acetylated H3 to the TNFα promoter was greater after treatment with LPS in MeCP2-deficient THP1 cells. MeCP2 did not bind to the TNFα promoter. In summary, the data indicates that MeCP2 deficiency increases expression of TNFα and other inflammatory cytokines by enhancing NF-κB signaling.