Kyle Spradling1, Cyrus Khoyilar1, Garen Abedi1, Zhamshid Okhunov1, Jamie Wikenheiser2, Renai Yoon1, Jiaoti Huang3, Ramy F Youssef1, Gamal Ghoniem1, Jaime Landman4. 1. Department of Urology, University of California-Irvine, Orange, California. 2. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Orange, California. 3. Department of Pathology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 4. Department of Urology, University of California-Irvine, Orange, California. Electronic address: landmanj@uci.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE: We sought to create a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the autonomic nervous tissue innervating the bladder using male and female cadaver histopathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained bladder tissue from a male and a female cadaver. Axial cross sections of the bladder were generated at 3 to 5 mm intervals and stained with S100 protein. We recorded the distance between autonomic nerves and bladder mucosa. We manually demarcated nerve tracings using ImageScope software (Aperio, Vista, California), which we imported into Blender™ graphics software to generate 3-dimensional reconstructions of autonomic nerve anatomy. RESULTS: Mean nerve density ranged from 0.099 to 0.602 and 0.012 to 0.383 nerves per mm2 in female and male slides, respectively. The highest concentrations of autonomic innervation were located in the posterior aspect of the bladder neck in the female specimen and in the posterior region of the prostatic urethra in the male specimen. Nerve density at all levels of the proximal urethra and bladder neck was significantly higher in posterior vs anterior regions in female specimens (0.957 vs 0.169 nerves per mm2, p<0.001) and male specimens (0.509 vs 0.206 nerves per mm2, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Novel 3-dimensional reconstruction of the bladder is feasible and may help redefine our understanding of human bladder innervation. Autonomic innervation of the bladder is highly focused in the posterior aspect of the proximal urethra and bladder neck in male and female bladders.
PURPOSE: We sought to create a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the autonomic nervous tissue innervating the bladder using male and female cadaver histopathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained bladder tissue from a male and a female cadaver. Axial cross sections of the bladder were generated at 3 to 5 mm intervals and stained with S100 protein. We recorded the distance between autonomic nerves and bladder mucosa. We manually demarcated nerve tracings using ImageScope software (Aperio, Vista, California), which we imported into Blender™ graphics software to generate 3-dimensional reconstructions of autonomic nerve anatomy. RESULTS: Mean nerve density ranged from 0.099 to 0.602 and 0.012 to 0.383 nerves per mm2 in female and male slides, respectively. The highest concentrations of autonomic innervation were located in the posterior aspect of the bladder neck in the female specimen and in the posterior region of the prostatic urethra in the male specimen. Nerve density at all levels of the proximal urethra and bladder neck was significantly higher in posterior vs anterior regions in female specimens (0.957 vs 0.169 nerves per mm2, p<0.001) and male specimens (0.509 vs 0.206 nerves per mm2, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Novel 3-dimensional reconstruction of the bladder is feasible and may help redefine our understanding of human bladder innervation. Autonomic innervation of the bladder is highly focused in the posterior aspect of the proximal urethra and bladder neck in male and female bladders.
Authors: Stéphanie van der Lely; Martina D Liechti; Werner L Popp; Melanie R Schmidhalter; Thomas M Kessler; Ulrich Mehnert Journal: PLoS One Date: 2019-05-24 Impact factor: 3.240
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Authors: Wendy Yen Xian Peh; Roshini Mogan; Xin Yuan Thow; Soo Min Chua; Astrid Rusly; Nitish V Thakor; Shih-Cheng Yen Journal: Front Neurosci Date: 2018-03-21 Impact factor: 4.677