J Koudelová1, J Brůžek1,2, V Cagáňová1, V Krajíček1,3, J Velemínská1. 1. Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. 2. Laboratoire d'Anthropologie des Populations du Passé et UMR 5809 du CNRS-PACEA, Université Bordeaux I, Talence, France. 3. Department of Software and Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sexual dimorphism of facial form and shape and to describe differences between the average female and male face from 12 to 15 years. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Overall 120 facial scans from healthy Caucasian children (17 boys, 13 girls) were longitudinally evaluated over a 4-year period between the ages of 12 and 15 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Facial surface scans were obtained using a three-dimensional optical scanner Vectra-3D. Variation in facial shape and form was evaluated using geometric morphometric and statistical methods (DCA, PCA and permutation test). Average faces were superimposed, and the changes were evaluated using colour-coded maps. RESULTS: There were no significant sex differences (p > 0.05) in shape in any age category and no differences in form in the 12- and 13-year-olds, as the female faces were within the area of male variability. From the age of 14, a slight separation occurred, which was statistically confirmed. The differences were mainly associated with size. Generally boys had more prominent eyebrow ridges, more deeply set eyes, a flatter cheek area, and a more prominent nose and chin area. CONCLUSION: The development of facial sexual dimorphism during pubertal growth is connected with ontogenetic allometry.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sexual dimorphism of facial form and shape and to describe differences between the average female and male face from 12 to 15 years. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Overall 120 facial scans from healthy Caucasian children (17 boys, 13 girls) were longitudinally evaluated over a 4-year period between the ages of 12 and 15 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Facial surface scans were obtained using a three-dimensional optical scanner Vectra-3D. Variation in facial shape and form was evaluated using geometric morphometric and statistical methods (DCA, PCA and permutation test). Average faces were superimposed, and the changes were evaluated using colour-coded maps. RESULTS: There were no significant sex differences (p > 0.05) in shape in any age category and no differences in form in the 12- and 13-year-olds, as the female faces were within the area of male variability. From the age of 14, a slight separation occurred, which was statistically confirmed. The differences were mainly associated with size. Generally boys had more prominent eyebrow ridges, more deeply set eyes, a flatter cheek area, and a more prominent nose and chin area. CONCLUSION: The development of facial sexual dimorphism during pubertal growth is connected with ontogenetic allometry.
Authors: Jasmien Roosenboom; Karlijne Indencleef; Myoung Keun Lee; Hanne Hoskens; Julie D White; Dongjing Liu; Jacqueline T Hecht; George L Wehby; Lina M Moreno; Carolyn Hodges-Simeon; Eleanor Feingold; Mary L Marazita; Stephen Richmond; Mark D Shriver; Peter Claes; John R Shaffer; Seth M Weinberg Journal: Front Genet Date: 2018-10-23 Impact factor: 4.599
Authors: Matthew J Kesterke; Zachary D Raffensperger; Carrie L Heike; Michael L Cunningham; Jacqueline T Hecht; Chung How Kau; Nichole L Nidey; Lina M Moreno; George L Wehby; Mary L Marazita; Seth M Weinberg Journal: Biol Sex Differ Date: 2016-04-22 Impact factor: 5.027